Monetary Policy Action Effect on Economy Essay

The Federal Reserve’s decision in August 2006 to leave interest rates unchanged underscores the degree of uncertainty in the U. S. economic establishment about the near future. For the past two years monetary policy more or less went on in a straightforward manner; the Fed’s policymakers raised their benchmark federal funds rate by a quarter point at 17 successive meetings as the economy emerged from a period when deflation looked a real threat back to a more normal world of strong growth and steadily rising inflation. Currently, there are, broadly, three views among economists about what happens next. The first, an optimistic assessment in keeping with recent economic history, favors the â€Å"soft landing† approach. The Fed has raised rates by just enough, according to this view, to restrain growth so as to squash inflation back into its box. The Fed funds rate now stands at 5. 25 per cent; with inflation in the 2. 5 per cent to three per cent range, that represents a real rate of about 2. 5 per cent, a reasonable amount of restraint. On this view, the Fed probably won’t have to do anything more on interest rates for the foreseeable future — just watch in satisfaction as the economy slows to its desired pace. The second view is pessimistic and fearful. It believes that the Fed has already gone too far. The housing market, the driver of so much demand for the global economy, is off sharply. Many Americans are desperately refinancing short-term adjustable rate mortgages they took out three years ago when rates were at historic lows. They are finding themselves with thousands of dollars less a year in disposable income than they had last year. Debt levels are sky high and the savings rate is negative. As consumers rebuild their tattered balance sheets, they will cut spending sharply, with catastrophic consequences. High oil prices are making matters even worse. On this assessment, the next move in rates will be down, if the Fed is to avert a really unpleasant shock to the economy. Some economists think the fed funds will be below 4. 5 per cent by the middle of next year as Ben Bernanke, the Fed chairman, struggles to avert a full-blown recession. The third view might be called fatalistic realism. It accepts the second proposition that, on current policies, a recession is coming, but insists that it is absolutely necessary and it says that the Fed, far from pressing on the economic accelerator, should keep its foot on the brake. For the Fed, and the world, a recession may be the price that now needs to be paid to avert a longer-term catastrophe (Baker).

King tuts tomb

Egypt appointed pharaoh age 9 in 1334-1323 BC during period of â€Å"New Kingdom† Died at around 18 or 19 in 1352 B. C. Death unknown Located in the Valley of the Kings (upper Egypt west of Nile) – contains many tomb of kings from the New kingdom Howard Carter – worked In Egypt for 31 years before discovery, started at 17 copying wall scenes and inscriptions.In 1907, George Herbert the 5th was the Earl of Canaan place in England (Lord Canaan) hired Howard Carter after his first season f searching for sites was unsuccessful. Canaan funded Carter's whole excavation, and if it wasn't for Lord Canaan, he would not have been able to fund it himself. They Discovered the Tomb on November 4th 1922. The tomb was Incredibly well Intact, which was quite astounding for them to see, because most others found were pretty well destroyed.It had over 3,500 objects in it and took around ten years to excavate and unveil because he took a photo, Drawer it, and catalogued it every si ngle artifact Layout – antechamber largest room, found 6 dismantled chariots, animal couches, chests, bows and arrows, 2 large statues of the king guarding a sealed doorway everything was stored messily which indicated robbery probably by the guards Annex (like a storeroom) – smallest room contained more than half of tombs contents. Hundreds of reed baskets and pottery Jars, elaborate urns intricate designs and some royal furniture such as couches Burial chamber – only room with wall paintings. Here the kings sarcophagus (coffin) lay. There were 3 coffins making up the sarcophagus they all had faces on them. ND the lid alone weighed over 1 and a quarter tone. 4 shrines, took 4 months to dismantle, very brittle some parts weight almost a tone. He put off working on them for 4 years so he could work on the mummy. The mummy had over 143 Jewels and amulets on It or In the wrappings, gold mask, headdress, fake beard and gold hands. The body remains were actually burn ed away from the scented oils that were placed upon the body during burial Treasury – this was dominated by Tutankhamen canonic shrine which held all of his organs.A successful navigation of the Underworld will allow Tutankhamen to be welcomed into the Afterlife as an immortal. South Wall – The God-King welcomed to the Afterlife by Anabas god of embalming Hath, goddess of the west. Tutankhamen, who is now immortal, will begin the life-giving daily ritual. These paintings are significant because they show that TUTU as a Pharaoh and the society at the time were very religious and obviously had very strong beliefs in death and the underworld and they were very committed addressing death in the correct way.

EFQM self-assessment using RADAR methodology Essay

EFQM self-assessment using RADAR methodology - Essay Example During that time, it has evolved from an institution that was primarily concerned with the training of new surgeons into a world class educational and training institution at all levels. It is not only considered one of the premier institutions of its kind in the United Kingdom, but is now highly regarded on a global scale as a premier biomedical research facility as well. All of these factors combine to create the need for excellence in all the RCSI does and stands for. To determine how they are presently doing as an organization, in terms of not only being an enabler, but also becoming a result oriented facility as well; the EFQM model proves to be most useful. This report was generated with the goal of providing the organization with a snapshot of their current operation, providing them with an overview of areas in which they are currently excelling, in addition to highlighting areas of deficiency. 1. Introduction The primary reason to implement the EFQM model into an organization is to conduct a self-assessment of business practices in an effort to determine which areas, if any, could be improved upon (Cost & Gomez, 2011). While the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) has evolved into one the premier medical institutions in the region, if not the world, it is still poised to do much more in the future. As such, the EFQM model is useful in giving leaders in the organization a more holistic view of the entire medical facility in order to ascertain exactly how they are doing in any of the key areas covered under the scope of the model (Cost & Gomez, 2011). The EFQM Excellence model will provide RCSI with the basic framework to assess its current level of excellence, and what needs to be to further improve upon its service options. It does this by enabling the organization to understand how to more effectively implement their strategy and vision for growth, while also identifying the cause and effect relationships between items they are doing now, versu s the results that are achieved (Pearce, 2013). These areas, in addition to others covered in this report, will provide a thorough self-assessment of the organization as a whole that will be useful data at RCSI continues to chart a path for the next 200 years of existence. 2. Company Overview Founded in 1784, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) is a medical institution based in Dublin. This prestigious academic and research institution is one of five recognized colleges within the National University of Ireland system. The college has expanded over the years, and today contains schools focused in the areas of medicine, pharmacy, physiotherapy, and nursing. Students are served at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It is now the largest medical school in Ireland with over 3,000 students, comprised of as many as 60+ different nationalities. While the original purpose of the college, upon receiving its charter in 1784, was primarily to train surgeons, the college has expanded its reach today and it is looked to as a leader in the overall training regime of healthcare providers throughout the region. The College today is also focused on research, having formed its own RCI Research Institute. The goal is to, â€Å"Support and carry out world-class biomedical translational research and to integrate basic and clinical research, so that

Levels of Analysis, Realism, and Liberalism Essay

Levels of Analysis, Realism, and Liberalism - Essay Example In the individual level, it is posited that a particular war -- which is a form of an international phenomenon -- is caused mainly by an individual, generally or specifically. Further, the factor at the individual level is substantially an immediate one (Cashman and Robinson 4). It is widely believed that the immediate cause of the 2003 Iraq War was primarily in the individual level. More specifically, U.S. President George W. Bush was the mastermind on why America went to war against Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. His personality or belief system was an important factor in realizing the war. If Al Gore had been the U.S. president, Levy and Thompson assert that America would probably have not invaded Iraq in the post-9/11 era (212). In the state level of analysis, war -- such as the Iraq War -- is significantly caused by the nature or form of the state, government, or political party. Hallenberg and Karlsson contend that the 2003 Iraq War had materialized due essentially to the Republ ican Party’s neo-conservative stance (233). Also known as neo-imperialism, the Republican Party believes in the so-called â€Å"manifest destiny† in which America is tasked to free the â€Å"savage† countries from fascism, terrorism and others. It must be noted that Iraq, in the pre-Iraq War, was dominated by a dictatorial leader. To free the Iraqi people from bondage and oppression, America via the Republican Party went to war against terrorism. ... Particularly using the realist paradigm, scholars and people are able to view this war phenomenon in a more objective fashion. Perhaps it is true that the individual level is somewhat compelling in saying that it is immediate cause of the Iraq War; nevertheless, the whole picture elucidates that there are bigger forces or factors that greatly shaped the realization of war: power politics. In the pre-Iraq War period, the U.S. arguably felt threatened, real or imagine, with Iraq’s rising military power under Saddam Hussein. Based from the realist framework, the logical action for the superpower U.S. to do was to invade Iraq in order to secure America’s survival. The system level provides a much bigger picture in analyzing why America went to war. Compare and Contrast: Realism and Liberalism D’Anieri differentiates the two popular paradigms prominent in the field of international politics: between realism and liberalism. These two theories or praxes differ markedly on how they generally view the world politics. On the one hand, realism sees the international political arena in a more pessimistic way (D’Anieri 60). As its fundamental precept, the praxis of realism stipulates that states or nation-states greatly vie for power. D’Anieri notes that realism highly considers the theories of hegemonic stability and balance of power. Their similarities basically define the concept of realism: (1) anarchy is the major condition that constrains state action and/or policy, (2) rational/unitary states are the fundamental actors in the international political scene, (3) distribution of power defines and confines the system, among other things

Mining group gold Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mining group gold - Coursework Example When an individual is working on particular situation and parameter, the facilitator is required to work along to develop motivation and passion of his or her team to construct his leadership within that situation and task so that he or she may do adaptation depending on his or her maturity level. Facilitator should guide the process through the following order. Once facts are identified and analyzed then final stage of solution comes. The meeting group is set to conclude some solutions in this stage and select one of those solutions and take decisions to implement it. Team is generally known as people in a group, combining their knowledge, experience and expertise for one particular work and purpose for which it has been formalized. Specific task performed by the team members is termed as â€Å"TEAMWORK†. Importance of teams within an organization is follows like: b. If individuals within the team have proper coordination will have will help to accomplish much more than an individual can achieve the organization objective. This is the important reason for an organization to focus on group work instead of working individually. The mining group gold processes are includes a strong and proven techniques that can help the organization to maintain team environment within the organization and maintain cultural diversity. A good relationship within the team will give better opportunities to the organization for it survival and

The growth of Internet betting and gambling sites and the credit card Essay

The growth of Internet betting and gambling sites and the credit card companies response - Essay Example Further, law enforcement agencies state that Internet gambling is sometimes used for money laundering (Hugel & Kelly 2002: 57). However, others consider this risk as trivial concern. The jurisdictional and anonymity concerns characteristic of Internet gambling make online gambling a potentially strong means for money launderers. The small number of prosecuted instances of money laundering linked to Internet gambling is credited to oversight and a lack of solid parameters (Hugel & Kelly 2002: 58). Still, officials form the gaming and credit card industries and regulatory agencies do not consider that Internet gambling was any more vulnerable to money laundering than other forms of electronic trade (Hugel & Kelly 2002: 58). The main objective of this review is to acquire a better understanding on the different policies and procedures of the credit card industry on Internet gambling. The review is also aimed at obtaining a broader knowledge on the strengths and weaknesses of these policies, and perhaps to formulate any potential recommendations that are possible under the Constitution. To achieve this, a review on use of the U.S. payments method --- particularly credit cards, and on the ongoing debate on Internet gambling should be made. The key points are: 1) to study the legal structure for Internet gambling activities, mainly in the U.S., but also in other countries; 2) to explain the range and characteristic of the regulations and measures the credit card industry has put into practice to prohibit the use of credit cards as a mode of payment for Internet gambling; and 3) to acquire opinions on Internet gambling’s susceptibility to money laundering. Documentation on Internet gambling policies and procedures may be requested from industry representatives; however, some might be disinclined to supply written documentation due to concerns about the confidentiality of propriety regulations. This is why conducting interviews is

Macroeconomics - power of the federal reserve in monetary policy Term Paper

Macroeconomics - power of the federal reserve in monetary policy - Term Paper Example The paper provides a brief overview of some recent actions that are taken by Federal Reserve. Federal Reserve is one of the most powerful institutes in terms of its capability of significantly influencing the monetary policy of United States of America. The primary mission of Fed is to make sure that sufficient money as well as credit is available and a sustainable economic growth is maintained without inflation. The organization has the power of slowing down the growth of money supply into the financial system when the inflation is likely to threaten the purchasing power of the common mass. The Fed has three tools to influence the monetary system and these are ‘discount rate’, ‘open market operations’ and ‘reserve requirements’ (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, n.d.). Among these ‘open market operations’ can be considered as the Fed’s main tool for influencing the monetary policy. There is a committee named Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) that is responsible for developing monetary policies that are based on â⠂¬Ëœopen market operations’ (Federal Reserve, n.d.). In open market operations, US government securities are bought and sold in the open market. The primary objective of such buying and selling is to influence the short-term interest rate and the growth of credit and money. Once the policy is developed by FOMC, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York takes the responsibility of implementing it. The second most important tool is the ‘discount rate’ which is nothing but the interest rate that is charged by the Fed from different financial institutions against short-term loans. The third one i.e. the reserve requirement is the amount that the financial institutions have to keep aside as ‘reserve’. If the ‘reserve requirement’ is raised by the Fed then the banks are likely to have less money for lending and as a result the growth of money

Cultural communications challenges for responding police officers Essay

Cultural communications challenges for responding police officers - Essay Example Much research has come through that has suggested the same in the true sense of the word. However, what remains to be seen is the fact that these police officers will be able to give in their best in times of trouble, trying circumstances, litigations, cultural manifestations, and so on and so forth. The role of these police officers within the areas where cultural communications tangents are drawn upon remain an important one. Often times it has been seen that these police officers have not been able to get their point across to the relevant audiences merely due to the fact that the latter have not been able to understand what they are saying. This is a problem, and one that receives quite a lot of flak due to the communication breakdown which takes place within the related scenarios (Decker, 1996). What could be done to do away with such communication breakdowns is something that remains to be seen within the midst of things. However, evidence is available that the police officers have learned new traits, acquired skills and the like to make sure that the crime scene does not get disrupted by communication issues every now and then. What is important here is an understanding on the part of both these police officers and the people at large so that sanity could prevail within the related ranks and that success for the sake of finding out the inner depths of the crimes would see the light of the day. The main aim of these police officers should be as such to make sure that they secure the crime scene as soon as they reach the spot, and then collect hate literature, spray paint cans, do away with threatening letters, identify criminal evidence and move ahead with the investigation phases in particular. During this process, the manner in which they communicate with the people from different walks of life is a very significant notion, and one that needs to be given emphasis by these police officers as well. They also have to interview people to find out about the suspects and the actual crime that has been committed, creating awareness for not only their own selves but also the publics that are present near the crime scene. The support services for the community members are also deemed as significant because this emphasizes the due role of the police officers and their work manifestations within the minds of the community at large (Scerra, 2011). The police officers therefore have to deal with a host of issues on a consistent basis, as well as ensure that no one takes the crime scene or even the police authorities for granted, and goes about ransacking the entire area or region that one is talking about here. The police officers find it very difficult to cope up with the challenges when there are hate crimes on the rise. These hate crimes include the victims who would not bother listening to these police officers, no matter how much respect they give to the police and the related authorities. This is something that poses as a huge challenge on the part of the police officers who would want to get their point heard within the thick of things. The hate crimes include a great amount of biasness that has crept into the people with regards to their opponents and the law in essence, as the latter goes against their wishes, which is something that is tantamount to being a disruptive force within their demeanor (Salo and Allwood, 2011). The crimes

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay The tone of William Shakespeares Hamlet is set by the theme of madness and deception. The death of Hamlets father and the appearance of his ghost to his son sets into motion a series of events that end in leads to the near total destruction of the Danish court. No one proves to be safe from the pervasive nature of their own guilt, real or imagine, as the characters fall victim to Hamlets madness and the kings deception. Revenge and fear, in particular, play central roles in the eventual conclusions of the play, as it provides a vehicle for the concepts of madness and deceit, as well as the bloody and darkening shadow that falls upon Denmark itself. Even before he sees his fathers ghost among the castle walls, the seeds of suspicion and disgust have already grown to fruition within Hamlets mind. All that is needed to touch off this dark depression into full-blown action is a spark. This spark comes in the form of the deceased king, who gives voice to his sons suspicions. Its interesting, given the full blown form that Hamlets madness later takes, to consider that the conversation between father and ghost may have been a delusion. Though its hard to write off the apparition itself as false, since it is the guards who first see the ghost walking silently, the conversation between father and son is private and serves to provide justification for Hamlets later actions. In this way, its possible that this conversation was simply the beginning point for Hamlets growing insanity. From this first act, the other events fall in quick succession as though predicted. Death becomes a central almost fated result of the lethal mixture of Hamlets growing insanity and the guilt of the king There is a fine line between Hamlets realities and his delusions, as shown in the truth of his uncles deceit. Its important that the tragedy of Hamlet begins and ends with death, providing a full-circle to the Kings murder of his brother and Hamlets own revenue and death. This is due in part to the larger significance of death both as an ending and a beginning. The tragedy of Hamlet itself begins and ends with death while the dead themselves provide witnesses. Its important to note that even as the death should be released by the chain of events, they are not allowed to truly rest. From Hamlets father the king, to Ophelias drowned memory, they are allowed little reprieve. Instead their deaths act as cataclysms for more tragedy and death. It is Ophelia and Poloniuss deaths that cause Laertes to meet his death at the end of Hamlets poison-tipped blade. Connected to the idea of revenge, the dead are fuel to the fire and darkness that seep into the minds and actions of all involved. Given the heavy presence of death, it is no wonder that the images of darkness and the adjective â€Å"black† is repeated throughout the book. It seems to be almost an eternal night in Hamlets Denmark. There is no comfort. There is no hope, only sadness and death. Revenge, madness, and pride are connected in Hamlet through their common dark designs and darker endings. The need for revenge, which is bred from Hamlets encounter with his fathers ghost and eventually drives his madness, is not justice. This revenge is part duty, part self-preservation. Hamlet is lost in his new role in his family, with his mothers marriage to his uncle and the usurpation of the crown from Hamlets own head. In taking action against his uncle, Hamlet is defending the honor of his family and attempting to reclaim his own self which has been lost (I. iv. ll. 21). With the new developments, Denmark itself has become a prison (II. ii. ll. 241), and he is a prisoner to the awareness of his position and the growing need to exact revenge. It is important to make the distinction between the two, revenge and justice. Hamlet is seeking to right the wrong of his fathers death, at first through revelation but then when this fails through violence. There is not the sense that Hamlet expects to escape his own death in the process of exacting revenge but at the same time there is the maddened sense of invincibility about him. He hopes to regain part of himself in destroying his uncle, however, he is already lost to his own fear and insanity. The concept of blood is important throughout the play, both in literal form in showing the brutality of Hamlets actions, and as representative of family. The physical presnece of blood is seen throughout the play in the deaths of even those who do end in bloodshed, like Ophelia;. The final scene in Act V is the bloodiest, with the deaths of Laertes and Hamlet, the wounding of the King, and the poisoning of the Queen. That final scene is also a good example of the power of blood, in the family sense, as Hamlet finally gains resolution in the deception of his uncle and his mothers marriage and Laertes himself is able to avenge his sister and father. However, the concept of family goes much farther back in the play, to the very beginning with the first appearance of the dead king, still linked to his son and the tragedy of his blood, who himself is heard by Hamlet to call for revenge. For Hamlet, the concept of blood is perhaps the most sensitive and the core root to his own madness. A chief source of hurt pride for Hamlet is the marriage of his widowed mother to his uncle. In Hamlets eyes, not only has the new king usurped the role of his dead (murdered) brother but he has also taken over his brothers position in the Queens bed. This is not a difficult idea to understand; Hamlet obviously feels a strong loyalty to his father and to the idea of his own succession. However, Hamlets constant condemnation of the King and Queens marriage being â€Å"incestuous† shows more about Hamlet than his mother, who is constantly condemned by her son for the marriage. The king is Hamlets paternal uncle and therefore, unrelated to the Queen except through the marriage of his deceased brother, Hamlets uncle. Therefore there is no real incest going on between the newly married couple but rather a joining of past and present. Instead Hamlet is showing an intolerance to change, that when divorced of his uncles treachery, is not quite as damning. However, true to the form of the play, the marriage has been built upon the dark deeds of the King. Their marriage is a deceptive continuity, the Queen herself innocent to the dark deeds of the King. She is not wholly innocent, as she ignorantly believes in the innocence of the new King. While she obviously loves her son, in sensing and fearing Hamlets growing restlessness and insanity, she does in a manner turn away from him. Seeing only death in her sons countenance, it is understandable that she would ally herself with the calm presence of the new king. However, there is something of a resolution between mother and son. When the queen drinks the poison, the King has prepared for Hamlet, she joins the ranks of the innocent dead. Like Ophelia, the Queen becomes a kind of martyr to the ulterior motives of royal ascendency and the revenge of her only son. Though the King may have had larger ideas of their marriage, the Queens tragedy seems to be a belief in hope. In remarrying she is hoping to continue her life and in Hamlet she sees hope for her love and affection, even as he rejects her. Without the morality of justice, Hamlets revenge fails to provide any resolution. While death is certainly an end and a recurrent theme throughout the play, the persistence and skewed senses of madness prevent the carnage of the Danish court from representing an absolute ending. Instead, there simply seems to be no one else to truly die, no one else to suffer within this narrative of tragedy. Hamlets madness had acted in a way to bring about the complete destruction of all hed ever held dear, it spent not only the resolve of its master but everything which it touched. The court of Denmark is withered but no longer a prison to Hamlet as he can depart in death as he was never able to in life. Though Hamlet finds his revenge and his end, he does not find true peace. Fueled by his own depression and anxiety, the injured pride of a fallen son, Hamlet instead creates a cycle of violence and fear which in the end even he falls prey to.

Cultural Diversity Ewareness Essay Example for Free

Cultural Diversity Ewareness Essay Many cultural differences abound in San Francisco’s educational institutions. The so many people of different races who live together in this side of the United Sates have quite a challenge trying to coexist because of their cultural differences occasioned by their differences in race, religion, gender, social status besides others. These differences pit the whites, Latinos, Caucasians, Black Americans and the physically challenged against each other in their day to day activities whether it is in the educational institutions, in church or in several other social organizations. A case in study here is the educational institution set up where these differences are so common they threaten to get out of control. All these groups live in a state of denial because they are not able to appreciate their cultural differences. Stereotyping coupled with worrying levels of intolerance has adversely affected social order in campuses since no one group is prepared to accept what they see as an act meant to devalue them from from an otherwise well- meaning different racial group. This has resulted in near total communication breakdown. One needs to be well acquainted with the several differences in the cultures of these students so as to be able to coexist without these unnecessary conflicts (Paul et al 1967). Black Americans and students from foreign countries mainly from Africa, Latin America and some Asian countries have most of the time had the going tough due to racial profiling. Discrimination is meted against them and their response is denial and defencse. A few respond to this challenge using minimization. Most cases of violent confrontations on many campuses in San Francisco are as a result of these differences which are more often than not ignored by the concerned authorities. Professionals handling students’ affairs should make every effort to infuse into students affairs work the needed skills that bring about multicultural competences, for example awareness and the knowledge together with the necessary skills so that the students can be able to work with fellow culturally different students in a way that bears meaning, relevance and productive ways (Pope, Reynolds Mueller 2004). Cross-cultural communication is a big issue here as the different racial groups speak a language that sometimes has words that do not exist in the vocabulary of the others or words that bear different meanings and this presents a case of communication on cross-purposes and therefore conflicts are bound to be frequent. We are talking about slang, idioms and dialects that are not common to all. A student from outside the U. S. will not fully understand the meanings of many words used by their native college mates occasioning a breakdown in communication. This age-group has its own set of language that deviates from the common language, the only one they know and this brings misunderstandings among them posing a threat to communication. The physically challenged do not fare well in many socio-cultural settings due to heir disabilities. They are left to maneuver through the tight and difficult programs in the educational institutions on their own. The frustration resulting from these acts of abeism makes them react by way of misplaced aggression (Jaime 2004). To this, they respond by coiling to a corner to give the strong way, and so do some female students. College youth has serious intolerance for some religions especially Islam. Most of them in this region few and associate it with terrorism, which is a very harsh term to a fellow student, but still they cannot avoid using it against students from some Asian countries or those from a similar origin. Counseling needs to be given priority in resolving these various differences and biases. REFERENCES Jaime, (2004). Toward Multiculturalism: A Reader in Multicultural Education; Newton, Ma, Intellectual Resource Corporation. Paul et al, (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication: A History of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. New York, W. W. Norton. Pope, Reynolds and Mueller, (2004). Multicultural Competence in Student Affairs; San Francisco, CA.

Life and Debt Documentary: Summary and Analysis

Life and Debt Documentary: Summary and Analysis Life and Debt Film Write The tourist who comes to Jamaica focuses on the beauty of the island. Jamaica is the island where Antiguans suffer and want to escape. However, the natives are too poor to escape the island. Antiguans try their best to satisfy the tourists. The natives envy the tourists because the tourists have the ability to leave their boredom and turn Jamaica into a pleasurable vacation. Stephanie Black, the filmmaker of Life and Debt, is attempting to demonstrate that the tourist, through Jamaica Kincaids description, witnesses the beauty of the island while being oblivious from the harsher realities of the natives. The major themes that Kincaid addresses include the influence of homeland on identity, culture, and the desire for independence. The first themes that will be argued are the perspectives of the tourists, the natives, and the omnipotents view on Jamaica. The first concept that will be argued is the tourists perspective on the natives. In the tourists perspective, they stereotype natives as being relaxed, laid back people, without realizing that natives are working hard to satisfy the tourists. In the tourists perspective on Jamaica, they are fond by the beauty of the island and the continuing sunshine. The continuing sunshine in Jamaica represents a lack of rainfall. This lack of rainfall is a lack of fresh water. This lack of fresh water for the natives does not interest the tourists because the beauty and the sunshine of the island is all that really matters to them. Tourists who swim in the sea have no clue the amount of waste that they create. Also, the tourists do not notice that the food that they are eating is from Miami. The second concept that will be argued is the natives perspective on the tourists. When the tourists arrive in Jamaica, natives automatically label them as being a tourist. In the natives perspective, a tourist is an ugly human being because they do not look, eat, or speak the same way as the natives do. The natives view the tourists as people who make use of poor people for their own satisfaction. The natives must work hard in order to prove pleasure for the tourists. The natives are living in poor conditions wishing that they can be the tourists, because tourists have the ability to leave their boredom and come to a place such as Jamaica to relax. However, in Jamaica, getting off the island is not as easy for the natives then it is for the tourists who are visiting the island. The third concept that will be argued is the omnipotents perspective on Jamaica. The US and European countries may not have authority over Jamaica, but they push their influence and instigate their authority within Jamaica. The United States of America and European countries took advantage of the Jamaicans by creating a trade system in order to earn extra money for themselves. This, in turn, jeopardizes businessmen and farmers in Jamaica because it is harder for them to compete with the US and Europe. Jamaicans are manipulated by the IMF, WB, and WTO. The US and European countries have power over Jamaica because the tourists commodify and exploit the natives by still treating them as slaves. Tourists do not recognize that the natives history, culture, and religion and what Jamaica is all about. All that the tourists care about is their vacation time to relax and be treated as royalty. This is similar to the way they were treated before their independence. The history of Antigua includes Britain controlling the Antiguans. The old Antigua includes many racist moments and slavery work for the Antiguans. The Antiguans speak the same language as Britain. Since English is the Britains language, it is also the Antiguans language. The Antiguans did not have any independence until the time of the Earthquake. When post-colonial happened in 1974, the Antiguans went to the church and thanked a God, a British God. Even though the Antiguans got their freedom and independence, they still had to speak the language of those who enslaved them. Also, the Antiguans had to follow the Britain religion because they have been adapted to this religion. In conclusion, these perspectives have been linked together to prove that tourists are lacking conscious awareness of how the natives live their lives. This type of agency relates to the book â€Å"A Small Place† by Jamaica Kincaid because the Government is also taking advantage of his power of Jamaica. He is taking advantage of his power by delaying the reconstruction of the library because he has, in his perspective, his own priorities to deal with. The library is a symbol of education and culture for the Antiguans. The library can only be re-built if the Antiguans have money to provide for it. The rich people of the Mill Reef Club would help if the old library was re-built. The Government is not doing what is right for the Antiguans. There has been a corruption of the Government because there have been many abuses of power in Jamaica. The funds have been wrongly placed. Drug smuggling is an issue in Jamaica. Also, there has been a misappropriation of political violence. In conclusion, â€Å"Life and Debt† shows the ignorance of tourists who travel to Jamaica for their own enjoyment and satisfaction. Stephanie Black, the filmmaker of Life and Debt, is attempting to demonstrate that the tourist, through Jamaica Kincaids description, witnesses beauty of the island while being oblivious from the harsher realities of the natives. The major themes that Kincaid addresses include the influence of homeland on identity, culture, and the desire for independence. The lives of the natives have no interest to the tourists because the tourists come to enjoy the beauty of the island. In the natives perspective, they view tourists as ugly human beings because tourists are oblivious to how the natives live their lives. The Government is abusing his powers by wrongly placing funds. The United States of America and Europeans took advantage of the Jamaicans by creating a trade system in order to earn extra money for themselves. The Government is also taking advan tage of his power. The library has been pending repairs since 1974. The library is very important to the Jamaicans because the library represents a symbol of education, culture, history, and independence.

Inadequate Support Systems for an African American Adult with Breast Ca

Description of the Problem A support system is defined as â€Å"a network of people who provide an individual with practical or emotional support† (Merriam-Webster’s, 2014). In the area of healthcare, a lack of adequate support system will negatively impact the health of an individual in multiple areas of care. This can include issues that arise not only from an individual aspect, but also through lack of support on social, emotional, instrumental, as well as informational levels. A lack of social support system means that one does not have close ties or strong relationships with family members, friends, colleagues, or members of the community. Social and emotional support is an essential part of health care involving all disease and illness, but even more so when chronic illness such as cancer is involved. This is evident in numerous studies which have found social and emotional support to be strongly correlated to â€Å"feelings of positivity, mutuality, and improved mental health outcomesâ⠂¬  among patients with cancer (Wenzel et al., 2012). Additionally, social support provides functional resources that affect a patient’s outlook on his or her health status. Instrumental support may include items such as the provision of financial assistance, while informational support might be receiving feedback from others to help patients motivate themselves to accomplish their goals (Ashing-Giwa et al., 2012). The term ‘support system’ affects many aspects of an individual’s health care which, when considered all together, compound to influence the patient most often on social and psychosocial planes of care. Problem The focus of this discussion is patient Regina, a 53-year-old African American woman who was diagnosed with breast cancer in Octobe... ...ificance in the healthcare plane. Wenzel, J., Jones, R. A., Klimmek, R., Krumm, S., Darrell, L. P., Song, D., Stearns, V., & Ford, J. G. (2012). Cancer support and resource needs among African American older adults. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16, 4, 372-7. The purpose of this study was to obtain experiential data on cancer diagnosis and treatment, and gather recommendations from survivors regarding treatment-related needs, strategies, and psychosocial support. Results indicate that the need for cancer-specific education, importance of faith and spirituality, availability of support, and identifying financial needs were the main issues recognized as important needs for the cancer patient. This article was useful in providing additional strategies and resources to implement in encouraging the formation of strong social support in individuals with cancer.

Cause of Hamlets Distractions: Feelings and Passions Essay example --

Cause of Hamlet's Distractions:   Feelings and Passions         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet, feelings and passion are an enormous distraction for the main character Hamlet.   Hamlet tends to act as though he were an adolescent rather than a grown man.   He acts very immature, sarcastic, and takes action, before thinking it out, in the heat of anger.   The abilities to love, control one's actions, and to subdue one's depression are signs of becoming mature however, Hamlet, a grown man, has a difficult time controlling these abilities.   Although Hamlet may be a man who has come of age nevertheless he tends to identify with the likes of an adolescent because of his irrational actions.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, Hamlet has a particular problem controlling his love for Ophelia as well as controlling his actions.   It is apparent that Hamlet loves Ophelia in his own special manner when he says: â€Å"To the celestial, and my soul's idol, the most beautified/ Ophelia--/†(II, ii, 116-117) Although he may love her with all his might, as he tells Laeretes,:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I loved Ophelia.   Forty thousand brothers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Could not with all their quantity of love   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make up my sum.   (V,i, 264-266)    Hamlet is too immature to love her enough to trust her in their relationship.   This trust that he is lacking will give him the ability to hand Ophelia the ke... ...nt, Hamlet only takes action when he becomes angry or furious with someone or something.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being a young immature, mouthy, extreme youth Hamlet is much like an adolescent and very unlike an adult.   His incapacity to love someone maturely, his rudeness and sarcasm towards older people, and his reacting only during times of anger is exactly how an adolescent would act for these qualities tend to be prominent the teenage years.   Hamlet's actions have become more and more accepted over time however, his actions then were only accepted then because of his ability to act mad.   Had Hamlet acted like that always his behavior would be very unacceptable to society.   Hamlet although an adult will forever be remembered as an immature, irrational, adolescent.               

Large Format Printing

Introduction [Name of Company] offers a wide array of signs and printing for promoting in all settings and on any occasion. We specialize in large format printing and possess the expertise as well as the experience to produce signs of the highest quality on the market. Yet our company does more than just offer the best technical expertise using state-of-the-art equipment; we also have in house some of the brightest minds that work tirelessly to produce the most creative and cutting-edge designs, giving you a marketing edge. Vehicle Signage We perform professional vehicle wraps, fleet graphics, decals, magnetic signs, and boat wraps using only the highest quality media and inks that are guaranteed to withstand the elements—keeping your project sharp for years to come. Our vinyl images provide a highly reflective quality that gets your vehicle (and your company) noticed night or day. Outdoor Signs Our wide range of outdoor signs is guaranteed to fit your business and your budget. We offer custom made banners, window graphics, wood signs and vinyl lettering. Plus, we have a large selection of standard signs, such as ADA and real estate signs. Our digitally designed and printed solutions will guarantee that you stand out both to your advertising audience as well as to the competition. Interior Signs Our indoor signs include Point of Purchase displays and tradeshow accessories. Our designers have the creativity and expertise to create professional as well as unconventional large format interior signs with graphics that place you and your business at a big advantage. From animated to etched signs, we have all you need. Paper Printing We design a wide range of graphical paper products that provide small, medium and large scaled methods of getting your advertising to customers. Our business cards, post cards, brochures, booklets, and posters provide a high photo-quality finish that accords an added level of excellence and professionalism to your business. Service Types We print in wide format and offer full color service with digital-quality results. Our professionals can design and custom-create logos for your business. We also produce graphical artistry and digital imaging that demonstrate our mastery of the state-of-the-art technology we use for your products. About Us Our company employs the latest in technology along with the most highly trained professionals to provide you with creative and incisive signs that bring the customers to you. Our wide format printers provide you with the breadth of space you need to convey all the details regarding your company or event. Our digital solutions offer you the flexibility of print-on-demand service, so that you never have to waste time, money, or resources. Our range of services include vehicle signage, outdoor and indoor banners, paper and billboard printing plus other formats that plaster your company’s image all over town and place it indelibly in the minds of your customers. The work we provide gives you a competitive edge in a cut-throat market, where advertising can make the difference between success and failure. Our small and large format signs and banners have the power to distinguish your company or event as one dedicated to excellence. First impressions are lasting, and our company is dedicated to helping your business make the best impression. With our sharp digital imaging, custom fit magnetic signs, and fleet graphics, we feature the strengths of your company in the most distinct detail. Plus we provide the best value for money in the industry, as our skilful designs are custom fitted to your needs through patient and efficient customer service designed around you. At [Name of Company] we are committed to serving you, and will always be the best choice for all your print and display advertising needs. How We Work This company is built around customer satisfaction, and in everything we strive to put you, the customer, first. That is why we focus all our efforts into providing reliable, knowledgeable, creative and friendly service to all we come in contact with. We begin offering you assistance even before you commit to being a customer, as we are interested in facilitating your success in every way we can. We care about the way you present yourself to the world—that is why we offer not only the best customer service, but also the highest quality workmanship with the most committed and qualified staff. Our staff is highly trained to manage the needs of the customer, by first exhibiting excellent communication skills in order that the customers’ needs be properly probed, understood, and satisfied. The knowledge and skill of our staff also manifests itself in the countless creative solutions we are able to provide for your specific business. We are willing and able to combine any and all the forms of our products in order to design the best advertising method for your company, or for any event you wish to promote. Our reputation is fast growing as an efficient, creative, and capable firm that offers friendly and all-inclusive service. Plus we place you in one-on-one consultation with our experts to make sure that you have the chance to fully explain your needs. Your needs are a priority, and we place them first. We make ourselves available throughout the day to serve you, and return your projects to you with time to spare. Your complete satisfaction is guaranteed, so we work hard and remain available until you are completely satisfied. Come and visit us, or continue browsing our site for more information.

My Life and Statute of Frauds

My Life and Statute of Frauds In 1677, the English Parliament passed the Statute of Frauds. It is a state statute under which certain types of contracts must be in writing to be enforceable. The primary purpose of the Statute of Frauds is to ensure that there is reliable evidence of the contracts and terms, and it is to prevent the possibility of a nonexistent agreement between two parties being â€Å"proved† by perjury or Fraud. There are 5 categories to which the contracts must to fall within the Statute of Frauds, which are: 1. Contracts involving interests in land – The statute applies to any contract for an interest in real estate. . Contracts that cannot by their term be performed within one year – The statute applies only to contracts that are objectively impossible to perform within one year from the contract’s formation. 3. Collateral promises – The statute applies only to express contracts made between the guarantor and the creditor whose terms make the guarantor secondarily liable. 4. Promises made in consideration of marriage- The Statute applies to a unilateral promise to make a monetary payment or to give property in consideration of marriage. 5.Contracts for the sale of goods priced at $500 or more. As we have seen, having a written contract helps many people to reduce the risk from misleading whenever they enter into the contracts. For example, there was a scenario case that had happened to me, and it helps me to figure out the important role of the Statute of Frauds to my life. I still remember in October last year, when I was surfing the craigslist, I found an ads said that a room for shared with a cheap price, but the owner, Jason, stated that whoever rent his place had to pay money ahead of time.I then called him and rented place. About five months after the day of contract formation, he asked to move out because he wanted to sell his house. As a result, I left the place without getting back my money. That was piss me off because I couldn’t enforce the contract, and there aren’t any recipes to prove that I had paid to him. Now, I understand that a written contract is really important. Therefore, whenever I make a deal with other people, if it’s possible, I would make a written contract. It is a brilliant choice because it protects me from fraud in oral contracts

Control Key and Word

1. Word flags the potential error in the document window with a colored underline. A ____ wavy underline means the flagged text is not in Word's dictionary (because it is a proper name or misspelled). A)red B) blue C) yellow D) green 2. With a ____, you can convert a printed picture, drawing, or diagram to a digital file. A)fax machine B) copy machine C) scanner D) digital camera 3. The process of developing a document that communicates specific information requires careful analysis and planning. As a starting point, ____.A)analyze the intended readers of the document and their unique needs B)determine the document design and style C)establish why the document is needed D)gather information about the topic4. Character formatting is the process of changing the way characters appear ____. A)on the screen B) in print C) both a. and b D) neither a. nor b5. To see a complete list of automatically corrected words, click ____ on the Ribbon to open the Backstage view, click Options in the Backstage view, click Proofing in the left pane, click the AutoCorrect Options button, and then scroll through the list near the bottom of the dialog box.A)Home B) Format C) File D) Edit6. If the Picture Tools Format tab is no longer displayed on the Ribbon, ____ the picture to display the Picture Tools Format tab. A)triple-click B) ouble-click C) right-click D) single-click7. If yo u want to conserve ink or toner, you can instruct Word to print draft quality documents by clicking ____ on the Ribbon to open the Backstage view. A)Format B) Edit C) Insert D) File8. You want the headline to be ____, that is, positioned horizontally between the left and right margins on the page.A)left-aligned B) centered C) justified D) right-aligned9. A(n) ____ mark, sometimes called a nonprinting character, is a character that Word displays on the screen but is not visible on a printed document. A)unified B) text C) formatting D) editing10. Paragraph ____ is the process of changing the appearance of a paragraph. A)formatting B) controlling C) enhancing D) editing11. A ____ is a computer program that can damage files and programs on your computer. A)virus B) cold C) bug D) flu12. In Word, the default font usually is ____.A)Times New Roman B) Arial C) Cambria D) Calibri13. ____ text prints with an underscore (_) below each character. A)Italicized B) Underlined C) Embossed D) Bolde d14. To save an existing document with the same file name using one click, press the ____ button on the Quick Access Toolbar to overwrite the previously saved file. A)Save B) Save As C) either a. or b. D) neither a. nor b.15. When you ____ text, Word colors the rectangular area behind any text or graphics. A)border B) emboss C) bold D) shade16. ___ properties are associated with all Microsoft Office documents and include author, title, and subject. A)Basic B) Trusted C) Default D) Standard17. The ____ is the first line of text on a document. A)header B) footer C) headline D) body copy18. A ____ is a word or phrase that further describes the document. A)keyword B) tab C) property D) characteristic19. Each time you press the ____ key, Word creates a new paragraph and inserts blank space between the two paragraphs. A)F3 B) ENTER C) TAB D) CTRL20. ____ denotes success, victory, creativity, and enthusiasm. A)Red B) Blue C) Orange D) Purple21. You can center page contents vertically betwe en the top and bottom margins. To do this, click the Page Setup Dialog Box Launcher, click the ____ tab, click the Vertical alignment box arrow, click Center in the list, and then click the OK button. A)Alignment B) Format C) Layout D) Edit22. The ____ consists of all text between the headline and the signature line. A)placeholder B) header C) footer D) body copy23. Word flags the potential error in the document window with a colored wavy underline. A ____ wavy underline indicates the text may contain a contextual spelling error such as the misuse of homophones (words that are pronounced the same but that have different spellings or meanings, such as one and won). A)yellow B) red C) blue D) green24. Word flags the potential error in the document window with a colored wavy underline. A ________wavy underline indicates the text may be incorrect grammatically. A)red B) yellow C) green D) blue25.A single point is about 1/72 of one inch in height. A)1/18 B) 1/9 C) 1/72 D) 1/3626. The MLA style requires that you set the line spacing to ____ for the entire research paper. A)double B) multiple C) 1. 5 D) single27. Word automatically inserts page breaks, called _____, when it determines the text has filled one page according to paper size, margin settings, line spacing, and other settings. A)hard page breaks B) anchored page breaks C) floating page breaks D) soft page breaks28. A ____ is text and graphics you want printed at the top of each page in a document.A)title B) superscript C) header D) footer29. Word automatically numbers notes sequentially by placing a ____ both in the body of the document and to the left of the note text. A)note reference B) footnote C) reference point D) tag30. A(n) ____ is text and graphics that print at the bottom of every page. A)anchor B) end note C) footer D) footnote31. To find a word with a similar meaning to the one already in your document, right-click the word and select ____. A)Other Words B) Dictionary C) Synonyms D) Find new32. A(n) _____ page break is one that you force into a document at a specific location. A)automatic B) manual C) forced D) soft33. If rulers are not displayed, click the ____ button on the vertical scroll bar to display them. A)Normal B) Measure C) View Ruler D) View34. To create a hanging indent using shortcut keys, press ____. A)CTRL+T B) CTRL+R C) CTRL+M D) CTRL+235. If you do not want to keep a change made by the AutoCorrect feature, you can click the ____ button on the Quick Access Toolbar.A)Disable B) No C) Undo D) AutoCorrect Off36. The ____ page alphabetically lists sources that are directly referenced in the paper. A)works cited B) citations C) note reference marks D) endnotes37. A ____ is a named group of formatting characteristics. A)style B) pattern C) header D) format38. Use a ____ to signal that an explanatory note exists. A)footnote B) header C) subscript D) superscript39. The ____ feature in Word automatically corrects certain spelling, typing, capitalization, or gramma r errors.A)AutoMark B) AutoSpell C) AutoCorrect D) AutoFix40. The MLA documentation style uses ____ instead of noting each source at the bottom of the page or at the end of the paper. A)parenthetical references B) works cited C) endnotes D) footnotes41. A(n) ____ is text that you want printed at the bottom of the page. A)footer B) header C) footnote D) endnote42. The amount of vertical space between lines of text in a document is called ____. A)double-space B) vertical spacing C) line spacing D) single space43.To capitalize all selected characters, press ____. A)CTRL+SHIFT+A B) SHIFT+A C) CTRL+ALT+A D) CTRL+A44. The shortcut keys for formatting a paragraph with single spacing is ____. A)CTRL+ALT+S B) CTRL+1 C) ALT+S D) CTRL+S45. If you are using the APA style, you should double-space all pages of the paper with ____ top, bottom, left and right margins. A)2 inch B) 1. 5 inch C) . 5 inch D) 1 inch46. The _____ is a temporary Windows storage area. A)Copyboard B) Clipboard C) Editing fo lder D) Copy and Paste pane47.If you click the ____ button, a menu appears that allows you to change the format of the item that was moved. A)Paste Options B) Format Paste C) CTRL key D) Clipboard48. To use ____, you double-click a blank area of the document window, and Word automatically formats the item you enter according to the location where you double-clicked. A)AutoFormat B) Click and Type C) Cut and Paste D) Show/Hide49. To add a word to the custom dictionary, right-click the flagged word, and then click ____ on the shortcut menu. A)Add Custom B) Insert C) Edit Dictionary D) Add to Dictionary50.The MLA style specifies that a(n) ____ be used for a note reference mark to signal that an explanatory note exists at the end of the document as an endnote. A)footnote B) footer C) superscript D) subscript51. At the top you see Version ___. A)A B) B C) C D) DAnswer Key   1. A2. C3. C4. C5. C6. B7. D8. B9. C10. A11. A12. D13. B14. A15. D16. D17. C18. A19. B20. C21. C22. D23. C24. C25 . C26. A27. D28. C29. A30. C31. C32. B33. C34. A35. C36. A37. A38. D39. C40. A41. A42. C43. A44. B45. D46. B47. A48. B49. D50. C

The Birth of Complex Cells

Having more understanding of how the process of scientific inquiry works, t he more I felt that science is a result Of efforts made by scientists through the accumulation of time. For example, in order to provide an evidence that the SST art of a complex cells begins with having an ancestral cells hosting other living cells, scientists first need to search for an evidence that that living cell did exist.The n, they have to provide an evidence HOW did the host cells symbiosis with the living c Hence, being able to see how science is conducted, I really appreciate all the perseverance and patience the scientists put into a research just to find ONE evidence to support/overthrow a theory. 2. The osmosis and strawberry DNA extraction lab allows me to understand h owe our cell membrane works and what it is made for. With the osmosis lab I understood odd how water follows from low concentration to high, and this experiment is important NT to how he nutrients are transported in and out of o ur cell through osmosis.From the strawberry DNA extraction lab, we first added detergent to dissolve the outer membrane causing the strawberry DNA to isolate from the rest of the residua product. This allows us to know that membranes are made of lipids, which dish solve in detergent, giving us more clue on how did our ancestral cells â€Å"endoscopies NT† another living cell by making its way through the membrane. After reading this article I still wonder, in the beginning when the complex c alls are forming, why didn't the ancestral cell tell the living cell apart from itself?Why our ancestral cell didn't just eat and dissolve that living cell, instead symbiosis with I t? 4. 1 like the way the article discuss not only about the different possibilities of how a cell might have formed, but also the point of views the scientists have now an d then. Another thing I really enjoy reading about this article is that it carefully written out all the steps a scientist did to conduct a n experiment, including the challenges a d the outcome he received.Yet, on the other hand, I feel like this paragraph contain s way too much information needed for a beginner in biology to understand, include ding all the definitions of biological terms. 5. Yes, this paper really allows a student in biology to understand the origin of a cell, and how we became to be. Yet, I WOUld recommend this project to be assign eater on in the class because it contains great amount of information, and students wow old learn better corresponding to the knowledge they have.

A Synpsis of The foundation text of English literature, titled Beowulf

A Synpsis of The foundation text of English literature, titled Beowulf The foundation text of English literature, titled Beowulf (meaning â€Å"man wolf† when translated into the modern language), presents readers with a hero named Beowulf who fights three different battles, each with its own monster. Beowulf’s first battle awaits him when he travels to present day Denmark to save the Danes from a monster named Grendel that has been wreaking havoc on King Hrothgar’s men. Grendel’s defeat leads to Beowulf’s second battle with Grendel’s mother, who avenges the death of her son. Once Beowulf saves the Danes from the monsters they faced, Beowulf returns home to rule his land until he meets his death in a battle with a dragon, signifying the monster that overcame him. Although Beowulf’s success in battle with his literal monsters would name him a hero in almost any circumstance, Beowulf’s life and the situations that led him to battle fall into place with the same ideals that name him a classic hero und er Campbell’s hero archetype, where the hero must have a reason for departure, initiation through his defeat of an enemy, and a return from his journey. Beowulf’s journey of life, which was a battle until his death, relates to humans in the sense that although Beowulf’s monsters were real creatures, every individual faces their own version of a monster that phases them, but are conquered in the end. There is always one monster, however, that one can never overcome. Beowulf presents this monster as the dragon in the poem, which ties into every individual as the monster that has never been conquered: the monster of death. Campbell’s hero archetype is also known as the monomyth, or hero’s journey, that sets the framework of the traditional, classical hero. It defines a hero by the steps in the journey that the hero takes, which can be analyzed in three different stages. The first stage of the hero’s journey is his departure, which can be further explained by 5 further categories. The first of this five is â€Å"The Ordinary World,† which explains that the hero must come from an ordinary background, setting the level playing field for all heroes who fulfill Campbell’s criteria. It is important that the hero who fulfills Campbell’s archetype is an ordinary human in order for readers to relate to the story and identify with the hero. Beowulf achieves this criteria as he is known to be a Geat who lived in present-day Sweden as King Hygelac’s thane. He is described as, â€Å"of living strong men he was the strongest, fearless and gallant and great of heartâ €  (132-133), implying that Beowulf was an ordinary man except for his characteristics that set him apart from others. The second category within the departure stage is the â€Å"Call to Adventure,† in which the hero is informed of his need elsewhere. This call foreshadows the change from the character’s then-ordinary life to his journey as a hero. In Beowulf, this criterion is fulfilled when â€Å"[the] tales of the terrible deeds of Grendel reached Hygelac’s thane in his home with the Geats† (130-131), signifying Beowulf’s knowledge of the happenings with the Danes. Following this criteria is the â€Å"Refusal of the Call,† where the hero doubts his confidence with the challenge. This will cause the hero to refuse the call, but then face a shortcoming where he is forced to go on the journey. This, interestingly, is not completely evident in Beowulf, as Beowulf does not refuse the call to begin with. Much of the reason for his decision to travel to the Danes was because of his pride and reputation, putting him in a situation in which he could not refuse. If Beowulf had refused the call, however, he would have been faced with shame as he was described to be the â€Å"strongest, fearless, and gallant† (132-133), compensating for his incentive to travel in the first place. Because of this, the t hird criteria of the departure stage is fulfilled, as it can be seen that had Beowulf refused the call, he would have been pushed into seeking out Grendel anyway. The fourth stage in the departure level of Campbell’s hero archetype is â€Å"Meeting the Mentor,† where the prospective hero seeks guidance regarding the journey that he is about to begin. The mentor acts as a counselor who gives advice, re-instills confidence, or presents the hero with weapons that he will need to fulfill the quest. Although this is not seen in the very beginning as â€Å"counseling,† prior to Beowulf’s departure, â€Å"in the ship’s hold snugly they stowed their trappings, gleaming armor and battle gear† (149-150), meaning that Beowulf received weapons prior to his fight with Grendel, compensating for the lack of guidance he had received. This can also be paralleled by the way that prior to fighting Grendel’s mother, Beowulf was presented with Unferth’s Hrunting in order to kill the mother. This also fulfills the fourth criteria of Beowulf’s departure to become a hero. The fifth and final criteria in f ulfilling a hero’s departure is â€Å"Crossing the Threshold,† where the threshold is the line between the hero’s ordinary world and the alien world that he is about to enter. This is seen in the poem when Beowulf embarks the ship on his journey to the Danes, acting as if it was a journey that he could not go back on. In the poem, this is described as Beowulf â€Å"launched the bessel, the well-braced bark, seaward bound on a joyous journey† (151-152). This symbolizes the threshold that Beowulf crosses to embark on his journey as a hero. The idea of crossing the threshold also occurs when Beowulf jumps into the lake filled with sea creatures on his way to Grendel’s mother’s lair, marking the difference between the land is known and unknown. With the fulfillment of these five criteria, Beowulf embarked on his departure journey for the hero archetype. The second stage to Campbell’s hero archetype following the departure level is initiation, where the hero fulfills a series of tests and trials that will qualify him to fulfill his ultimate goal. This initiation can be more personal, such as maturing or gaining self confidence, or physical trials that the hero must endure. Like the departure level, initiation contains a set of criteria that the hero must meet in order to qualify for Campbell’s archetype. The first one is â€Å"Tests, Allies, and Enemies,† in which the hero faces challenges that test him. These obstacles can take almost any form and exists solely to disrupt the hero’s journey. In Beowulf, one of the obstacles that he immediately faces is Unferth’s challenging of Beowulf’s strength prior to Beowulf’s fight with Grendel. The poem tells this as, â€Å"Then out spoke Unferth, Ecglaf’s son, who sat at the feet of the Scylding lord, picking a quarrel for Beowulf†™s quest† (382-384). In this section, Unferth taunts Beowulf regarding a swimming match they had previously, ultimately challenging Beowulf’s honor. Beowulf overcomes this obstacle by being unfazed by Unferth’s comments and by reinforcing hope within the people in completing the ultimate goal. Following this, the bigger and more obvious challenge facing Beowulf is his fight with Grendel, his enemy. Beowulf fights unarmed and defeats him in the end, fulfilling the first criteria of the initiation journey by overcoming the challenges that he had faced during. Succeeding the tests is â€Å"Approach to the Inmost Cave,† where the hero must cross another threshold into an even greater unknown. Following Grendel’s defeat, Grendel’s mother wreaks more havoc on the Danes in order to avenge her son’s death, calling for Beowulf’s help once again. In order to fight Grendel’s mother, Beowulf first enters a lake that is filled with sea monsters that taunt him, described in the poem as, â€Å"the swimming forms of strange sea-dragons, dim serpent shapes in the watery depths, sea-beasts sunning on headland slopes† (937-939). The setting of this lake can be contrasted to Hell, emphasizing Beowulf’s crossing into the unknown. The measures that Beowulf takes in order to approach Grendel’s mother in the first place adds depth and foreshadows what is to come next, fulfilling the second part of initiation. The third stage of initiation is â€Å"Ordeal,† where the hero must overcome a physical test that will help the world he lives in. The hero often comes close to death and experiences some form of resurrection after overcomin g the dangerous task. In Beowulf, it was the defeat of Grendel’s mother. The significance of this scene in the text is that if Beowulf had not defeated the mother, he would have died and his kinsmen along with the Danes would have not been able to survive. Beowulf’s â€Å"resurrection† occurs when he comes back out of the water guarding the mother’s lair alive, which can be juxtaposed to the idea of floating up out of the water when baptized. The fulfillment of the dangerous task and thus the third stage of initiation immediately leads to the fourth, which is the reward from the task. Beowulf’s reward for slaying Grendel’s mother came in the forms of jewels and treasure from Hrothgar, along with a higher honor and reputation. Immediately following the battle, Beowulf returned with the sword hilt of Hrunting and Grendel’s slain head. With all the criteria fulfilled, Beowulf was ready for return. The final stage of Campbell’s hero journey is return, where the hero returns to where he began as closure of the quest. The first criteria of this stage is â€Å"The Road Back,† which is opposite of the â€Å"Call to Adventure.† Beowulf fulfills this stage by traveling back to his home with the Geats with ships filled with treasure from Hrothgar. Beowulf returns home with validation of his confidence and strength to be presented with the name of a ruler after King Hygelac dies. Following â€Å"The Road Back† is â€Å"Resurrection,† where the hero faces his final encounter with death. The battle in itself is a representation of a larger symbol that plays into the hero’s overall existence. In Beowulf, this is seen as the final battle between Beowulf and the dragon, which wreaks havoc on the Geats after 50 years of peace. Although Beowulf dies as a result of this battle, the dragon itself was supposed to symbolize death, and the true meaning of the battle would not have been fulfilled had Beowulf survived. The battle alone fulfills the â€Å"Resurrection† criteria of the return stage, and Beowulf’s death fulfills the final criteria in Campbell’s hero archetype altogether, which is â€Å"Return with the Elixir.† The Elixir is the lesson of death itself, which can only be fulfilled with Beowulf’s death. The overall lesson of this battle is that the hero’s journey will always and inevitably end with death, and the dragon symbolized the unconquerable monster that every individual will eventually face. Had Beowulf not died, he would not be considered a hero in the first place. Beowulf’s journey to become a traditional hero is non-traditional in the sense that instead of the journey encompassing a quest in which the hero returns to live a â€Å"happily ever after,† Beowulf’s journey was the journey of life itself, beginning with his departure to fight Grendel. He was a hero in the journey of life. This can be recognized as the most significant link between the readers and Beowulf: his story is reflective of the battles that people fight every day. Unlike other heroic stories, Beowulf’s connected with me in regards to his battles, especially with the last one being a symbol of death. As Beowulf himself declares, â€Å"death is not easily escaped from by anyone: all of us with souls, earth-dwellers and children of men, must make our way to a destination already ordained where the body, after the banqueting, sleeps on its deathbed† (1001-1007). The journey of a hero is his journey between life and death, encompassing all of the battles that he had faced to turn him into the character that he becomes when he dies. Beowulf’s journey of the archetypal hero is a representation of individual struggles we face, making humans heroes of our own life. Through Beowulf, we learn that death is the ultimate monster that overcomes us, and the quality of life is determined by the extent to which we live it.

Gloagburn Farm Shop And Coffee Shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gloagburn Farm Shop And Coffee Shop - Essay Example The restaurant also offers take away and picnic arrangements. Though the firm had previously won several awards in various categories, with the rising competition its future doesn’t seem very promising (PKC government, 2012). A situational analysis has been conducted using SWOT and Porter’s five-force analysis to assess its present situation and its future progress. 1.SWOT ANALYSIS 1.1Strengths 1.1.1 Products Gloagburn has a nice breakfast and lunch offering with options like porridge, eggs, bacon brunch and various coffee options. For lunch they offer fresh soup, sandwiches, baked potatoes and fresh bread etc. they also have a wide dessert variety like fruit crumbles, pies, cakes scones and different tarts to name a few. Such an offering is appreciated by the customers as the products a farm fresh that make all the difference (Gloagburn, 2012). The restaurant has also won Scottish Food and Drink Excellence Award 2009 and many other awards in 2004 (PKC government, 2012) . 1.1.2.Restaurant environment The main strength of the coffee shop is its location and its environment of a farmhouse. Customers get a feel of the countryside, which is its main competitive edge. Away from the hustle of city life the serenity and the friendliness of the place is what attracts the customers (Gloagburn, 2012). ... 1.1.4 Ingredients The ingredients are another factor that give the SME its competitive edge over the competition. This is because not every restaurant can boast to have in-grown ingredients like turnips, potatoes, fresh meat etc. 1.1.5 Low cost of production 1. 2 Weakness 1.2.1 The service The services was commendable when the restaurant was smaller, however, with the expansion by increasing the seating area outdoors also, the service is not as sufficient as before. This is because every order is prepared from scratch, which is good however, the wait for meal to arrive is long and the customers have to wait for a long time. The restaurant was fine with a smaller setup however; there are issues especially in terms of services when the restaurant increased on the size. There were some complaints regarding the attitude of the waiters towards the customers, which could in turn be bad for the customer flow and ultimately have a bad impact on the restaurant reputation. 1.2.2. Self-supplier s This is though considered a strength but it is also a weakness. This is because the supplies quantity is limited and thus there is only a certain amount that the restaurant can produce. After this limit is exhausted, more supplies cannot be obtained and thus this limits the expansion of the restaurant. Moreover, if on a particular day, the customers’ demand exceeds the farm’s capacity to produce, the customers will be disappointed. On the other hand, if a commercial restaurant is considered that outsources its supplies, it may not face this problem as it may over stock or under stock depending on the demand predictability (Gloagburn, 2012). 1.2.3 Losses in terms of decayed products. The restaurant may also

Information System and Enterprise Systems Coursework

Information System and Enterprise Systems - Coursework Example Therefore, organizations will either buy or build their information systems depending on the respective costs weighed against the benefits. In addition, organizations may consider the level of expertise required before deciding whether to buy or build the information systems. Information systems require sophisticated expertise in information technology. It may be prudent to evaluate the level of expertise required before making the decision. Information systems are composed of both hardware and software that are integrated in a complex interplay. Organizations ought to consider the availability of resources required to build an information system. The decision on whether to buy or build the information systems may be based on the availability of the hardware and software required. Customer relationship management is a significant enterprise system responsible for enhancing productivity. However, organizations fail to focus on customer satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, organizations may have a hard time reaching out to customers for information. Customers are fundamental to organizations because the information they provide forms a major part of the input. Customer relationship management may be improved if organizations focus on service as a product rather than as an expense. It is important that organizations value their customers to ensure that customer loyalty is attained. It is argued that customer loyalty is directly proportional to productivity (OBrien et al., 2007). In addition, organizations need to establish platforms that make it easier for them to access the customers. Such platforms include social media and search engine optimization. In the contemporary world, customers prefer companies that have an online profile to the traditional system o f visiting the offices

Merchant of venice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Merchant of venice - Essay Example Thus, it can be argued that Shakespeare was not being anti-Semitic when he placed a Jew as a usurer in his play, rather that he was using historical fact as a basis for writing his play. To have written anything else would have been entirely out of historical context. Shakespeare, the greatest dramatist of all time, was not concerned with the issue of anti-Semitism, rather he used the fact that Shylock was a Jew as a tool, through which he was able to explore the issues he wished to discuss in this play – the play, read in this way, is not itself anti-Semitic, rather, it is a play about anti-Semitism, about the similarities and differences one encounters when dealing with people of different religions. Throughout all of Shakespeare’s writing, he uses characters as tools with which to build his story, and entertain his viewers/readers - The Merchant of Venice is no exception to this rule, and so according to this reading of Shakespeare’s motives, this interpretation of the play can be argued to be valid. Shakespeare’s creation of a character as multi-faceted as Shylock is a testament to his skills as a writer – at times we sympathize with Shylock, at times we simply cannot understand his methods or motives; this is because Shakespeare wanted to create a ‘larger than life’ villainous character, who would entertain us through his actions. He is an eternally fascinating character, he keeps us, the viewer/reader, captivated. The fact that Shylock is a Jew is incidental to the drama; Shakespeare wanted to design a character through which he could develop the action of his play, and it is testament to Shakespeare’s skills as a dramatist that he created such a memorable character, that leaves the reader asking so many questions. At times we dislike Shylock, at times we sympathize with the things he is going through; at all times, he arrests us with his depth and his evident selfishness; he is captivating as a

Doctrine of Separation of powers in Australia Essay

Doctrine of Separation of powers in Australia - Essay Example It is evident that â€Å"separation of powers† limits the control and authority of each arm. This is because when power is divisible between the three branches of government, a division that is too strong or manipulative lacks. Notably, none of these branches is entirely separate from the other. The three arms of government are interdependent and connective (Patapan, 2000). Separation of powers The Commonwealth Constitution provides for separation of legislative, judicial and executive power. The high court separated judicial power from both executive and legislative in several cases involving constitutional matters. The courts are not allowed to separate the authority exercised by the legislature and executive. A useful example of separation of power in commonwealth countries is Australia. The authors of the Australian constitution borrowed this concept from both the American and British constitution. This enabled them to devise a document called Hybrid constitution (Coper & Williams, 2001). The Australian constitution draws distinctions between the legislative, executive and judicial powers. This means that, in accordance with the commonwealth governance, the branch that abuses power can have its actions declared illegal by a court. The parliament is also the legislative organ in the Australian constitution. Its role is to make, review and amend laws. It comprises of a House of Representative members who are also the lawmakers. The executive comprises of ministries that help to put the laws into action. The ministers and permanent secretaries oversee the executive. The judiciary is mandated to make laws and judgements on issues affecting the country. It is made of the federal courts and high courts. The executive is selected by parliament while governor-generals who are also members of parliament appoint the judiciary (judges) with the principle of separation of powers, (Patapan, 2000). Commonwealth judicial officers have a security of tenure. However, the judicial officers retire at seventy. It is equally evident that the executive makes the appointments. After appointing the officials, their names are gazetted to make it official. The executive can dismiss judicial officers through Governor-General after approval by the parliament. The officers can be fired if they misbehave or are unable to perform (Lee, 2003). Benefits and issues The system of power separation is the main standard of governance in Australia. It is effective in checking corruption and power misuse in the government. This is because it eliminates the concept of monopoly by dividing power to the different organs. This is because each group operates within its area of jurisdiction to keep check on the status and actions of the other group. (Lee, 2003).The coalition works towards the maintenance of support from the majority members of house representatives. This enables them to stay in the government. It also provides a valid check on the executive by ensuring res ponsibility to parliament. The theory of power separation guides the government into implementing and managing the state laws. This results in responsible government that is imperative to maintaining the government. The principle of â€Å"separation of powers† is associated with fair governance. The separation in Australia is not strict as it works towards the building of essential democratic concepts

Somalia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Somalia - Essay Example In our present age, Somalia has always been the epitome of poverty. Pictures of toothpick-thin Somali children have flooded the magazines all over the world, with drooping eyes seemingly begging for our help. Until now, their state conditions had barely changed. Almost 15 years after Somalia fell apart in 1991 in spate of clan-based rebellions against the genocidal, 22-year dictatorship of President Mohammed Siad Barre, the fear and the loathing in this country still exists. Since 1991, there have been fourteen efforts at national reconciliation; to date, none has been successful. Various groupings of Somali factions have sought to control the national territory (or portions thereof) and have fought small wars with one another. Dahir Riyale Kahin was elected President of the self-declared "Republic of Somaliland," which is made up of the former northwest provinces of the Somali republic, in presidential elections deemed free and fair by international observers in May 2003. In 1998, t he area of Puntland in the northeast declared itself autonomous (although not independent) as the "State of Puntland" with its capital at Garowe. Puntland declared it would remain autonomous until a federated Somalia state was established (US Department of State, 2005). As we all know, the terrible famine of 1993 in the south was entirely induced by civil war. A US- and UN-led humanitarian intervention failed to understand Somali complexities, was humiliated, and when it left in 1995 had only instigated more conflicts to arise.

Critically explore the extent to which 'sustainable development' is a Essay

Critically explore the extent to which 'sustainable development' is a meaningful course of action or a case of 'business a - Essay Example This paper will critically explore the extent to which sustainable development is a meaningful course of action. It will begin by analyzing the term sustainable development, provide some background around the concept, and make progression towards finding gaps and flaws in the development of the term, its implementation, and theoretical framework. The term sustainable development appears to be so widely used that almost anything or anyone can jump on this bandwagon and use this term. Sustainable development is a term that is used by individuals, governments, and the different industries in the business sector. The idea of sustainable development is not new and has been around for much of humankind’s history (Redcliff, 1987). The application of this concept can be evidenced way back three centuries ago, in the work of Malthus during the 1700s, which has centered around population growth and on the demand that it causes on resources and natural environment. The use of the term in the modern era has become so wide that, in fact, an ordinary Google search returns over fifty million results. Allen and Hoekstra (1992) have gone as far as saying that most people are of the opinion that the term is advantageous. However, Fortune and Hughes (1997) view this concept as a meaningless notion, which centers to a western ethnocentric view with essence deficiency and is simply a paternalistic ideology. There are other schools of thought that describe the term as a paradigm (Daly and Townsend, 1992). However, in this sense it is though useful as it forms the basis of a methodology or theory that forms a conceptual framework for further development. According to Hopwood et al. (2005), there is a valuable potential shift in understanding humanity’s relationship with the environment. Sustainable development is a testament of humanity’s growing awareness of environmental, social, and economic problems that can affect the future of all humankind. The growing awa reness has been particularly prominent during the last one hundred years by growth oriented demand in economic terms, and the consequences that such an approach has on the environment and resource depletion (Dresner, 2002). The concerns became more prominent, following the publication of The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972), highlighting that with the current trends in population growth and development, the earth’s carrying capacity would be exceeded within 100 years from the time of the report. In spite of the many given descriptions of sustainable development, the term has remained a variable concept that has been subject to a variety of interpretations and definitions. The publication of the Word Conservation Strategy (IUCN) in the 1980's was one of the reports known to have provided the first definition of sustainable development. The publication caught the interest of many people including critics who have considered the definition as limited. According to them, t he given definition only pertains to a limited focus of ecological resource conservation, instead of involving the environment in conjunction with socio-economic issues. However, another prominent report seven years later by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) that is entitled "Our Common Future," appears to have addressed this and specifically made a direct relationship between environmental, social, and economic dimensions. According to Lafferty and Meadowcroft (2000), the report is

RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Research Paper

RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE - Research Paper Example As a result of these types of labels, these people were instantly placed on a significantly lower social level than the Europeans within the minds of the Europeans who eventually gained dominance. This mindset lives on today in the European-styled society we perpetuated. Overt discriminatory practices during all phases of the criminal justice system concerning ethnic minorities, especially those of African-American or Hispanic descent, have been well-documented. The recently increased implementation of law enforcement measures which are exclusively aimed at minorities and immigrants through tactics such as racial profiling have exacerbated long standing tensions with police agencies. These interactions are becoming increasingly tense as evidenced by a proliferation of physical and verbal abuse towards minorities and immigrants, a growing mutual distrust and an escalating threat of violence. Of course, crime can occur in fully homogenized societies and a tendency to commit crimes in i mpoverished areas is understood to be the result of economic rather than racial issues. However, racist perceptions are reflected in laws, traditions, and hiring practices causing minorities to be disproportionately represented in depressed neighborhoods. This is a rather obvious explanation for social injustice creating crime. An additional reason could be that because minorities are targeted as potential criminals, it is generally perceived by the majority that simply being a minority places the individual under suspicion. The U.S. incarcerates more of its population per capita than any other industrialized country. Currently, more than two million prisoners are jailed in local, state or federal facilities. It is not just the number of prisoners that is increasing, but the ratio of prisoner to free population is widening as well. Approximately 10 years ago, there were about 703 prisoners in every

Vegetarianism Essay Example for Free

Vegetarianism Essay Our daily life routines mainly revolve around food and what are we going to eat. We wake up thinking about breakfast, lunch is a must, either at work or with friends, and of course dinner; the one thing we do not forget. Food and diets consume a lot of our thoughts. People nowadays are more aware of their health and habits. One of the types of diets that some follow is the vegetarian diet. Vegetarianism is mainly eating all types of food, but any animal related products. Vegetarians follow this kind of diet because they believe that killing animals to eat them cause many negative effects. The question here is, should people be vegetarian or not? Some are for and some are against this. However, in my opinion, I think people should not apply the vegetarian diet in their lives for more than one reason. Firstly, vegetarians’ main reason for their belief is that eating animals is killing them, and killing them is against animals’ right as animals feel fear before their death, which is unethical. However, eating meat is not unethical, it is the natural part of the cycle of life. Research shows that plants respond electrochemically to threats and may feel fear exactly as animals (D.Jensen, The Plants Respond: An Interview with Cleve Backster, The Sun, July 1997†¨). So, eating plants also lead to the threat of it, if they see it from this perspective. Every organism on earth exists for the sake of another organism. Secondly, some might think that vegetables and plants will save more food for hungry people rather than feeding them to the animals. Nevertheless, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) stated that the world currently produces enough food for everybody, but many people do not have access to it. Therefore, it is not about the quantity of the food, it’s the way of distribution that causes the problem. Vegetarian diets can cause the death of animals too. To support this idea further, it was proven that about 52-77% of the animals, like rabbits and birds, get killed during the harvest process, they live in agriculture crop fields (S. Davis, 2003). Thus, cutting meats from your diet is not the solution. To wrap up, vegetarianism should not be a healthy habit for people. Animals are here for us to take advantage of, as well as plants and they are both living organisms. If you could live without both, then do it. At the end, they both feel and have emotions, so killing animals does not differ from killing plants. Moreover, it was proven that the hunger problem worldwide is the reason behind the availability of the food and not the quantity produced. Lastly, many other ways do kill animals, and cutting them from your diet will not protect them. I think people should not take vegetarianism as a life of style. Refrences: Derrick Jensen, The Plants Respond: An Interview with Cleve Backster, The Sun, July 1997 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hunger: Frequently Asked Questions, www.fao.org (accessed Apr. 13, 2011) Steven L. Davis, The Least Harm Principle May Require That Humans Consume a Diet Containing Large Herbivores, Not a Vegan Diet, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2003 http://vegetarian.procon.org/#

Effectiveness Of Motivational Strategy In Habib Bank

Effectiveness Of Motivational Strategy In Habib Bank In this modernized world where globalization is fast crating an effect, the workplace realities of the ancient organizations no longer exists (Roberts, 2003). It has become past and needs to be revised very carefully before any aspect of it can be implemented nowadays. It has become increasingly important for the organizations to introduce new methods and meet the new motivational needs of the employees. The reality of workplace, the changing work environment has increased the end for the managers to reconsider the methodologies of developing durable and strong relationship between the employees and organization that ultimately leads to the achievement of the organizations goals and objectives. A thorough and complete understanding of the employees motivational need has became important for the management in order to accomplish what employees expect from the organization in order to return what organization expect from them ( Beer et al, 1984).. Therefore it becomes clear from the re searches that a motivated work-force is an instrument of success for full filling the needs of a rapidly changing work environment for both, the employees and the organization. It also becomes clear that a well- motivated workforce will eventually lead to the organization achieving its goals and objectives in a better an efficient manner. To serve this purpose ob building a strong bond between the management and workforce, the role of the top management is very crucial in this respect. According to Carnige (1985), human capital is capable of playing a pivotal role compared to financial capital, in the effectiveness of the organization. In modern times people are believed to me a source of competitive advantage and carry more importance in leading a company towards success, rather than finance. What is actually motivation and how and why does it matter? In business terms, motivation is the desire of a firm to see a job done well and quickly. The highly motivated workforce becomes an instrument for the business to achieve its goals and objectives as cost effectively as may be possible. Motivated worker also try to reach their own personal objectives. The employers should be well aware of what these are .This is because the greatest motivation will develop if workers feel that working towards the business objectives is ultimately helping them achieve their own goals. A milestone in a success of an organization is fulfilling the continually changing needs of employees and the organization. A heavy responsibility rests on the shoulder of the management to develop durable and strong relationships between them. Companies expect workers to follow the rules according to the terms and conditions set for them. Employees in return expect fir pay, good working conditions, secure career, fair treatment, involvement in decisions and power. These expectations of both groups vary from company to company. For any business to deal with these expectations successfully a complete understanding of the employee motivation becomes necessary. (Beer et al, 1984 from pdf file motivation pak bank). It is usually that it is the organization and not managers that fail to hold managers responsible for creating motivation among the people. They fail to understand the role of motivation and its connection to job performance. One of the biggest challenges for HR is to persuade line managers to develop and manage people. These line managers should be able to build string and personal relationship with the employees through effective communication. There is a need for the line mangers to understand the nature of the employee and his subordinates and should be able to deal with the problems of workers effectively. A thorough understanding of the needs of the subordinates will eventually let the managers know what the employee aims for and what are their goals and objectives. They can then decide how to develop and implement strategies that will achieve the objectives of the company while letting the employees achieve their personal goals. Staff that is unmotivated will be reluctant to do their jobs quickly and efficiently and will only provide the minimal of what is required of them from the organization. It is important to know how well motivated staff will alter the levels of productivity and performance within a company, thus affecting the competitiveness of the business. A well motivated staff is not only able to increase productivity and performance but is also prepared to accept responsibility, willingly and happily. There is low labor turnover which reduces the business cost of hiring and training new labor. With a highly motivate staff, a business also benefits from low absenteeism rate and employees participate on making suggestions for improvements. (Peter) Theories of motivation and their significance in today world: There are many theories of well known theorists that deal with the factors that affect motivation. F. W Taylor- theory of scientific management. F.W Taylor proposed a theory of scientific management that emphasized that money is the motivating factor that affects the employees to the most. Scientific management defines a method of establishing an idea after studying, analyzing and recording performance at work, then altering working conditions and recording performance. This is the approach that Taylor used to establish his idea. This method of scientific management is still used in the companies today. Taylors theory was based upon the notion of economic man and he believed that when wages are based on output, it increases workers productivity. He maintained his belief that a fair days pay for fair days work is what motivated staff to do better. But critics also say that money moves the workers to work, not motivate them. The other renowned theory of theorist is the Elton mayo Hawthorne affect. He carried out some experiments with a group of line workers. Changes in rest periods, canteen food, assembly bench lay out were made at a particular interval. Before every major change, the upcoming change was discussed with the workers. At the end of the experiment when working conditions were returned to the original, it was noticed that the output rose far above the level before the experiment. He drew some conclusions from his work that is as follows: Alterations in financial rewards or changes in working conditions have little or no effect on a workers productivity When management consult with workers before any major changes are made that affects them, motivation is improved When some control over their own working lives is given to workers, there is improved motivation Groups can establish their own targets and goals, and these can be greatly influenced by the informal leaders of the group. Taylors approach is important but not widely held today. Many workers, now a days seek for a respectable job rather than a one which is not valued but is being paid. Workers who have money as their basic need still moves towards a job offering a handsome wage/salary but they are unable to be motivated and still continue the job for money. This reduces job performance and productivity is affected. Maslow- hierarchy of needs One of another major theorist that takes a good position among the motivation theorist is Maslow. He extensively wrote on the subject concepts of the hierarchy of needs. He became a leader of the humanistic school of psychology and looked at the needs of human beings arranged like a hierarchy. The Maslow theory consists of two parts. The first one concerns the classification of the needs and the second part relates theses needs with each other. Maslow arranged the needs in a pyramid. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs that workers have. He suggested that these have to be fulfilled step by step. He identified and classified the basic needs that a human being has. The pyramid starts from physical needs that occupy the lowest level of hierarchy. The top level becomes the self actualization with three levels of needs in between. Maslow suggested that once a worker achieves the lower level of need, he strives for the next level. Management should be aware on what level their employees a re, and moving them trio next level, thus keeping him motivated for his job. The sequence of the Maslows pyramid is as follows: Physiological needs: these are the strongest needs. This is because if a person is deprived, the physiological needs would come first to fulfill his satisfaction. The physiological needs consist of needs like oxygen, clothing, food and shelter. These needs are the priority before any other class of need. Safety needs: this class of needs includes job security accompanied with a secured working environment. A sense of job security is essential for an employee to stay motivated towards his work with the addition of a hygiene environment with safe equipments if required. Love and belonging: the need of belonging and affection is necessary to overcome the feeling of loneliness. To overcome this, team work should be encouraged within an organization along with other social activities that instill in an employee a feeling of belonging and being a part of the organization. Esteem needs: this class of need is defined by the receipt of recognition of what the employee has achieved at work. There are chances that a worker may feel worthless and in valuable if he is not appreciated. This level of need can be achieved by the announcement of achievements publicly at events. Self actualization: this is the top level of the hierarchy. Very few workers have the potential to reach this level. This class defines need as to be given added responsibility with new challenges and promotions in his career. This theory has its own complications. Maslow did not suggest any criteria to measure which level of need has actually been satisfied. Each kevel is dependent upon the level below. The whole system might collapse if a level goes missing in between. It is also hard to say that a particular level is achieved of an employee and now the next level must be targeted. Adam- equity theory Another theory of motivation, widely recognized is the Adams equity theory of motivation. Adam proposed a very simple theory that suggested that employees balance their inputs against their out. The input is not only in the form of time that is put into work measured against the financial reward that is received as output but input also includes all the factors affecting working conditions and the worker at work. Similarly, output also includes the response, the recognition and the praise or the negative attitude experienced as a result of the job being done. The attitudes that lead to positive outcomes is repeated and attitude that lead to negative outcomes is avoided. It becomes difficult for the managers to know exactly what the employee perceives of the output against their input. Moreover inputs of the work and out puts of the work cannot be measured literally in order to calculate and balance both against each other. Herzberg- two factor theory But here our major focus would be on the Herzberg motivational theory that we desire to implement on our project. Herzberg (1923-2000) proposed a theory recognized by the world as the two factor theory. Herzberg, despite basing his research on just 200 professional workers, Herzbergs two factor theory and his conclusions has left the greatest impact on motivational practices. A survey was conducted through interviews and questionnaires that aim to know the following things: Identification of these factors that lead the workers to think very positively about their work and those factors that led them to think very negatively about their job. His conclusions reveled the following: Advancement, work itself, responsibility, achievement and the recognition for achievement were the factors relating to job satisfaction. Administration and company policy, salary, supervision, relationship with others and working conditions were these factors that lead to job dissatisfaction. These factors were termed as hygiene factors by Herzberg. Conclusions of Herzbergs work. Herzbergs two factor theory carried the hygiene factors and the motivators. Hygiene factors included working conditions, pay rates etc. these hygiene factors can eb improved in order to remove dissatisfaction from the jab but they will not help creating a motivated albor for ce. Herzberg argued that it was readily possible to move someone to do a job by paying him but it will not actually motivate him for doing the job. Similarly, he proposed that motivators, that are principles of job enrichment (encouragement, added responsibility, recognition), need to be in place to motivate the labor force to perform a task. These principles of job enrichment include Offering complete units of work: a typical mass production method only allows workers to assemble small units of a finished product. This is not motivating as the repetitive and small, invaluable task is not interesting. It also prevents workers to receive the appreciation and the importance what they are contributing to the production process. When workers are offered the complete tasks, it gives them the motivation to do a job effectively. It bears in them feeling of achievement of producing the goods themselves. Herzberg puts this idea as if u want your employees to perform a good job, offer them a good job. Feed back on performance: this communication enables workers to feel recognized and they are motivated to achieve more. A range of tasks: a range of tasks, when offered to workers is challenging and makes it interesting as their first experience if given them the first time. This provides the employees the opportunity to explore their abilities and provide incentive for the business to achieve the full potential of the workers. Analysis and evaluation of Herzberg work: As we will be implementing Herzbergs approach to her research, an analysis and evaluation of its work becomes necessary. Team working and delegation of complete tasks with much less close supervision is becoming increasingly popular in todays industrial world. Organization ensure effective communication is present between management and the workforce and this two way effective communication itself becomes a motivating factor. There is little doubt that that the increasing trend towards Herzberg approach is fast becoming popular, but many researchers who have used Herzbergs methods still argue and theory experimenting failed to arrive at such a clear cut conclusion. This wouldnt be wrong to hold Herzberg responsible for this evolution and this change would have been slower without the theories put forward by the Herzberg. Herzberg identified five main factors that resulted in job satisfaction. These factors can easily be identified in an organization and can be used for evaluation. The five main factors include achievement, recognition for achievement, responsibility, nature of work itself and advancement. These are the factors which can easily be identified if they exist in an organization. Similarly Herzberg gave five main factors that resulted in job dissatisfaction. These are termed as companys administration and policy, salary, supervision working conditions and relationships. This factor can easily be searched for in an organization to determine the effects of motivation. Service sector throughout the world is greatly dependent upon the human resource. Be it Habib bank ltd in Pakistan or RBS in Scotland, the banking sector and its success mainly depends upon the level of skilled, capable and most important motivated workforce. A motivated workforce does not only increase the performance at work but increased performance and satisfactory interaction among the clients and colleagues leads to high productivity. This in turn creates satisfied customers which forms the basis of success for any organization. Significance of motivation for commercial banks: Commercial banks are structures that are maintained and developed my human resources that ensure the delivery of a good service. The process that ensures the delivery of a good eservice is affected by the individual motivation of labor force whether skilled, unskilled, professional or unprofessional. The increased growth of service industry, commercial banks are struggling foe workers possessing the ability of providing quality service. And their labor is the best source if providing best services to their customers. Excellent services being offered and provided by the employees is able to create a positive perception among the eyes of the banking consumers. ( pdf file motivation pak bank petcharak 2004) Commercial banks play a vital role in the world wide economy. Research concludes that today it is becoming challenging for management in Pakistan to motivate their employees, especially those employed at commercial banks, to provide a quality service with increasing competitive market in the specified sector, i.e. commercial banks. The tough competition is making difficult to provide best of services to its clientele, thus satisfying their needs effectively. Theoretical frame work. Our research aims to find out the effectiveness of motivation strategies at HBL. To measure the effectiveness, the first step is to find out the variables that are creating motivation within the employees at HBL. Once the variables are identified a sample of 75 respondents will be selected from various departments of various posts, qualification and experience. These sample size is selected to determine the research question and research objective. The questionnaire will carry pout the research and will obtain the result that will identify the factors that create little or no, and high motivation among the employees. These factors when identifies will be classified under the motivators and the hygiene factors. These motivators and hygiene factors must be forming a part of the motivational strategy of the management at HBL that will effective or ineffective in creating motivation. The highly effective and the little effective will then be measured against the performance level of the workers when implemented. According to the results, those strategies will be labeled as successful or unsuccessful. For the unsuccessful strategies recommendations will be made . Research conducted through a questionnaire Identification of the factors affecting the level of motivation Identification of factors creating job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction Classifying them into hygiene factors and motivators Result on motivation result on motivation when When hygiene factors motivators implemented. implemented. Measure the effect Measure the effect on work On work performance performance. Employee motivation and work performance: Improving the work performance has always been and will continue to be the major concern of all businesses. It is the performance of work that creates satisfied managers and/or dissatisfied managers. The work performance has always been an important issue for the businesses as their success and failure depends upon the performance displays by their workforce. A manager when pays the employee, expects to return the worth of what is paid to him. In case of failure to do so, many workplace issues are created that managers then need to deal with. It is not always possible for managers to repay the accurately the input employee has put into work. This is because there exist no method to measure the input against the output wh9ich the employee receives or perceives. Failure to come up to the expectation results in demotivation. Is also seen, as described by the expectancy theory that workers expect according to what they see around. Now it becomes difficult for managers to know how they pe rceive their work output and it is compared to whose job. The performance at work is not only dependent upon the skills and abilities the worker possesses but there are many factors that exist which creates and leave an impact upon the performance of the employee. A well-motivated employee results in well performed job and an unsatisfied employee who is unmotivated towards his job naturally results in a poor job performance. But the question what motivates man to perform better has many answers. There are many motivational factors as discussed above that leaves an impact upon the motivation of the employees. When discussing and implementing the Herzberg theory, we see the hygiene factors create job satisfaction and not motivation but the motivators when placed creates motivation that results in a high performance of the job. For instance providing hygiene conditions at work place will not create motivation for the worker to perform the job but the satisfactory working conditions will make the employee continue the job a and not create a desire to do the job. Therefore a hygiene working environment will have no effect upon the performance of the job. But, if on the other hand, a worker is praised for his achievements and efforts, he will be happy and will be eager to achieve more, thus increasing his job performance. Increasing job performance includes increased productivity, putting in extra effort in the job and probably low absenteeism with happy workers who look at the golas and objectives of the company through which they can not only achieve their personal objective but companies goals become their goals and business objectives as their objectives. When performance at work is increased in any of the forms mentioned above, the company benefits from it. For a manufacturing business increased quality and quantity of it products will attract consumers which will benefit the company. In the service sector, a motivated staff will result in a cooperative and positive attitude and interactions with the customers and colleagues which will create thousands of satisfied customers. Customer service being very important in the service sector is completely dependent upon the attitude and behavior of the employees which is directly proportional to their motivation level. This motivation level is depended upon many factors like motivators described by Herzberg and others as described by many of the other renowned theorists. Linkage between objectives and questions with the theories and concept Research question/objectives Theories and concepts