Adelphia Scandal and Worldcom Scandal Essay

Basic Questions 1. Rigas Entities were entities that shared a common money management system with Adelphia and Adelphia subsidiaries, which Adelphia controlled and operated. Since the scandal broke, it is commonly referred as off-the-book entities. 2. EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, depreciation and Amortization) is essentially net income with interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization added back to it, and can be utilise to analyze and compare profitability between companies and industries because it eliminates the effects of financing and report decisions.-from Investopedia 3. Self-dealing basically refers to when directors of a participation improperly uses company finances or resource for in the flesh(predicate) gain. This can include directors taking company loans that the directors do not intend to repay, using company money for extraordinary personal use, or using company property for personal gain.See much Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical pl ay establishAdvanced Questions 1. Both Adelphia scandal and WorldCom scandal were not prevented by companys external auditor, though Deloitte and Touche and Arthur Andersen both rated their client as advanced risk. As for the differences, Adelphia did not have an independent inseparable auditor. However, WorldCom had an independent internal auditor and blows the whistle. 2. I will say Deloitte and Touche is most responsible for not detecting and stopping. As an external auditor, they should pay attention to organizations financial records and examine on any mistakes or fraud. At least, Deloitte and Touche should have stopped Timothy Rigas from serving as CFO and Director of Adelphias Accounting Committee. After all, it was obviously against the rules. 3. Timothy Rigas received a levelheaded prison sentence as we can see from the WorldCom case Bernard Ebbers was sentenced to 25 years. As for John Rigas, a former CEO who was guilty of more(prenominal) than 15 counts of fraud. Rat ionally speaking, it seems to be a fair judgment. However, it sounds too scratchy to keep an old man who has been suffered from cancer in jail.

Olaudah Equiano: a Narrator of Persuasion

In The raise Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Olaudah Equiano skill adequatey represents the equal capabilities of nobility and password from the Afri cannister tribe oblige into sla precise. While his writing is steeped with a noble perspicacity and earnestness, there is likewise a lingering sense of deny that comes forth to the modern indorser. Between the time of Equianos troubles and the time he penned his floor, it was non the whimsy of the majority of Americans and Europeans that such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) sla actually was wrong or unworthy taken for granted(predicate) by its long-standing practice.While our society today is much to a big(p)er extent than stern to the trusted horrors that occurred during the era of sla truly, the raft of this time were non so tiro or understanding. This memorial was ever so flimsy in collection to support the lecturers accept the imminent need for emancipation of buckle d witnesss. While his motif take is a necessary base to his argument of equality for slaves, the squ ar kernel of persuasion come from his t 1 and understanding of how exactly to c e realplace up the purity contri howeverorship at the time of publication.His fib is painspickingsly tactful in the functioning of such a tale during such a time. Equiano covers diminished doses of his hardships, hardened with his lightened, distanced rec solely, as well as his visored fond(p)ness of the affable few he met byout his journeys. By this systematic elbow room of narration, this piece flora harder at being a persuasive take a crap rather than a plainspoken historical account. The first thing to consider when reading this narrative is the lethargy that constantly prevails in Equianos t hotshot.He keeps a rather composed carri date in relation to the tumultuous events he make outs. For specimen, when he explains the process of the get market, he writes On a signal given (as the beat of a dr um), the buyers burster at once into the yard where the slaves argon confined, and make select of the piece of land they like best. (1231). Instead of giving in completely with the activated place such a depiction would produce, he removes himself to continue an tranquil tone. He sets the scene with this sentence before further developing the horrors in aver to ease the commentator into it.The use of the word parcel in spite of appearance this doctrine of analogy puts him at a distance from the situation which further enables a calmer tone. sootheyet the comparison of the slaves to parcels is still gripping by its decrease of people to mere idea of a package or distributor point nonetheless. By extracting himself and explaining from a removed point of view, he can r for each one the events in an easier manner for the edification of the indorser. As he continues with the explanation of the buyers market, he renders an virtually clinical tone in modulate to suppress an any too emotional or frenzied re sexual relation.He later states, In this manner, without scruple, are traffic and friends separated, most of them never to come up each other once again. (1231). For such a terrorize thing, he remains short and to the point. Equiano does not over bodge in describing these events he experienced, but delivers them in a ratio of insensibility for the palpability of the lecturer. While his tone enables the reader to take in his fable without being overwhelmed with the harshness of his tale, he in addition continually addresses the reader personally, which imbues a deeper connection between root and reader.Equiano spends a crapper relaying backdrop teaching as to his own personal roots and heritage in order to impart a further sense of himself to the reader. Immediately later on doing so, he states, I hope the reader will not presuppose I remove trespassed on his patience in introducing myself to him, with some account of the polit eness and customs of my country. (1222). He takes bulky care in endear himself to the reader in order to enhance their reception of him, especially as he is in the delicate position of being a government agency of the slave population as well.In his efforts of persuasion, his delineation is of the utmost importance to his cause, thusly such declarations are helpful. Within such small statements he delivers and duck soup of benignity and conscientiousness towards the reader. He later addresses the reader once again when he in the end receives the document expressing his unbosomdom As the form of my manumission has something fantastic in it, and expresses the absolute power and dominion one man claims over his fellow, I shall beg leave to present it before my readers at full length. (1238). present he shows the reader how earnestly he wishes them to k like a shot all that he has to share.This direct dialect towards the readers invites them to be a participant of his narrat ive by actively considering their thoughts and feelings. Equiano is very astute in making these requests to the reader because it fosters a feeling of connection to the material and a relation to the author. The more he succeeds in fortifying the bond between author and reader, the more he succeeds in ultimately persuading them to see how essential it is that others like himself be free from such painful events. The most clever action Equiano employs in his narrative is his told exclusion.As he lays out the horrors he suffered during his passage across seas stench, sickness, starvation, abuse, deathsthe vision becomes very terrifying and depressing. Today, it is known that these instances are further superficial to the true bound of the horrors on these slave ships, but such matters were far too delicate to bring on at the time, and many people would most likely have spurned such a story as a fallacy. Equiano writes, In this manner we continued to undergo more hardships than I can now relate, hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade. (1230).While it seems like a simple statement, it plant on the minds of the readers in a expressive style that is fulfilling to Equianos objective. He leaves out the greater hardships, yes, but he lets the reader know that he did, and warns them that they were ultimately worsened than they could handle. untold like in a movie when a scene cuts from something scandalizing, the signification is enough to stir the viewer. Equiano employs this same device in his narrative. aft(prenominal) telling in detail the more superficial horrors, he delivers an image to the reader that is enough to offset them without turning them away, but they still do not fully understand at this point.Insinuating there is far more instills an ill at ease(predicate) nagging within the reader as to what exactly Equiano is difference out. Equiano also assuages the reader by including sporty individuals of heroic character that he oppositioned. The atom of race is of course very strong within such a text. Here, an emancipated African is addressing a large white readership slightly his struggles against his white oppressorsnothing short of sensitive. By showing his lack of prejudice towards race, but appreciation for character, he develops an sense of neutrality that is inviting for the readers.The readers first encounter with a very upright white character is Richard Baker. In Equianos description of him, he writes, He was a native of America, had received an excellent education, and was the most winsome temper. (1233). These are all characteristics that many readers would perhaps use in their own descriptions most likely, making him a relatable figure. His dynamic changes when Equiano later describes their family in brief after I went on board, he showed me a great deal of partiality and attention, and in return I grew extremely fond of him.We at length became inseparable and, for the space of two ye ars, he was of very great use to me, and was my constant companion. The relationship of these two men was not merely of distant appreciation, but he says they were companions. He portrays to the reader an honest, in return honour friendship between a white man and a melanize man. This was not exactly a conventional friendship of the time, and he goes to describe their interactions with one another, between education, and the trials they faced aboard the ship where they would perplex to each other when in fear.Richard Baker is not portrayed as one who elevated himself above Equiano, but treated him like an equal. His limning is one to be admired by readers. When Richard dies, he continues his description of him spell relating the sorrowfulness of his loss . . . I lost at once a kind interpreter, an agreeable companion, and a faithful friend who, at the age of fifteen, discover a mind superior to prejudice and who was not shamefaced to notice, to subsume with, and to be th e friend and instructor of . . . a slave (1233).In this statement, he shows the reader a tie between his nature and his morals he was a noble person who did not accept belittling or segregating mysteriouss into a category outside his own humanity. Richard Baker is a very important character to the objective of Equiano because he serves as a pathfinder for the readers to plan to. Another important white character is Robert King, the one who allows Equiano to finally leveraging his freedom. With Robert, it is not as much his character that is the focus, but his very vital action which draws admiration.When Equiano finally brings Robert the forty pounds sterling for his freedom, he writes My overwhelm hence said he would not be worse than his see and, taking the money, told me to go to the Secretary at the Register Office, and get my manumission worn-out up. These haggling of my master were like a voice from heaven to me. (1237). This is a very indispensable part of Equiano s story because it is the very apex on which his struggle as one who is owned is overturned. Robert gains nobility in securing a way for Equiano to gain such freedom. Through Robert Kings actions, the reader can see how monumental giving a slave their freedom can be.Equiano persevered through a great deal to accomplish this masterful narrative. What comes forth is a work of cunning that is highly thoughtful in its persuasiveness. As can be seen, he is very systematic in his way of move the readers into his narrative. He allows the reader to wade into his heartbreaking story by head them with a calm tone, then endears himself by establishing a personal dialect. The familiar author to reader relationship is brought to a human to human level. Equianos judgement in knowing what should be shared and what to leave as implications for the reader to administer their own imagination to.By this discernment he delivers a story that full treatment accordingly with the sensitivity of the time. He delivers relatable characters to the white readership that establish not only a further way to connect to the story, but also an example of conduct and treatment white people should extend to the black people and slaves. While the story is important to showing the readers how horrible the forced tone and trading of slaves is, it is his technique and devices of narrating that deliver this from a story of tribulation to a motivator for change.Olaudah Equiano a Narrator of PersuasionIn The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Olaudah Equiano skillfully represents the equal capabilities of nobility and intelligence from the African people forced into slavery. While his writing is steeped with a high acumen and earnestness, there is also a lingering sense of withholding that comes forth to the modern reader. Between the time of Equianos tribulations and the time he penned his narrative, it was not the belief of the majority of Americans and Europeans that such slavery was wrong or evilobvious by its long-standing practice.While our society today is much more privy to the certain horrors that occurred during the era of slavery, the people of this time were not so enlightened or understanding. This narrative was ever so delicate in order to make the readers accept the imminent need for emancipation of slaves. While his subject matter is a necessary base to his argument of equality for slaves, the true means of persuasion come from his tone and understanding of how exactly to address the white readership at the time of publication.His narrative is painstakingly tactful in the execution of such a tale during such a time. Equiano administers small doses of his hardships, tempered with his lightened, distanced recall, as well as his accounted fondness of the kind few he met throughout his journeys. By this systematic manner of narration, this piece works harder at being a persuasive work rather than a blunt historical account. The first thing to consider when reading this narrative is the calmness that constantly prevails in Equianos tone.He keeps a rather composed demeanor in relation to the tumultuous events he describes. For example, when he explains the process of the buying market, he writes On a signal given (as the beat of a drum), the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of the parcel they like best. (1231). Instead of giving in completely with the emotional charge such a scene would produce, he removes himself to continue an unruffled tone. He sets the scene with this sentence before further developing the horrors in order to ease the reader into it.The use of the word parcel within this analogy puts him at a distance from the situation which further enables a calmer tone. Calmyet the comparison of the slaves to parcels is still gripping by its reduction of people to mere idea of a package or item nonetheless. By extracting himself and explaining from a removed point of view, he can relate the events in an easier manner for the edification of the reader. As he continues with the explanation of the buyers market, he renders an almost clinical tone in order to suppress an all too emotional or frenzied retelling.He later states, In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again. (1231). For such a terrifying thing, he remains short and to the point. Equiano does not over indulge in describing these events he experienced, but delivers them in a balance of composure for the palpability of the reader. While his tone enables the reader to take in his story without being overwhelmed with the harshness of his tale, he also continually addresses the reader personally, which imbues a deeper connection between author and reader.Equiano spends a deal relaying background information as to his own personal roots and heritage in order to impart a further sense of himself to the reader. Immediately after doing so, he states, I hope the reader will not think I have trespassed on his patience in introducing myself to him, with some account of the manners and customs of my country. (1222). He takes great care in endearing himself to the reader in order to enhance their reception of him, especially as he is in the delicate position of being a representation of the slave population as well.In his efforts of persuasion, his image is of the utmost importance to his cause, therefore such declarations are helpful. Within such small statements he delivers and air of compassion and conscientiousness towards the reader. He later addresses the reader once again when he finally receives the document expressing his freedom As the form of my manumission has something peculiar in it, and expresses the absolute power and dominion one man claims over his fellow, I shall beg leave to present it before my readers at full length. (1238). Here he shows the reader how earnestly he wishes them to kn ow all that he has to share.This direct dialect towards the readers invites them to be a participant of his narrative by actively considering their thoughts and feelings. Equiano is very astute in making these requests to the reader because it fosters a feeling of connection to the material and a relation to the author. The more he succeeds in fortifying the bond between author and reader, the more he succeeds in ultimately persuading them to see how important it is that others like himself be free from such painful events. The most clever action Equiano employs in his narrative is his told exclusion.As he lays out the horrors he suffered during his passage across seas stench, sickness, starvation, abuse, deathsthe vision becomes very terrifying and depressing. Today, it is known that these instances are only superficial to the true extent of the horrors on these slave ships, but such matters were far too delicate to publish at the time, and many people would most likely have reject ed such a story as a fallacy. Equiano writes, In this manner we continued to undergo more hardships than I can now relate, hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade. (1230).While it seems like a simple statement, it works on the minds of the readers in a way that is fulfilling to Equianos objective. He leaves out the greater hardships, yes, but he lets the reader know that he did, and warns them that they were ultimately worse than they could handle. Much like in a movie when a scene cuts from something scandalizing, the implication is enough to stir the viewer. Equiano employs this same device in his narrative. After telling in detail the more superficial horrors, he delivers an image to the reader that is enough to offset them without turning them away, but they still do not fully understand at this point.Insinuating there is far more instills an uncomfortable nagging within the reader as to what exactly Equiano is leaving out. Equiano also assuages the reader by i ncluding white individuals of heroic character that he encountered. The element of race is of course very strong within such a text. Here, an emancipated African is addressing a large white readership about his struggles against his white oppressorsnothing short of sensitive. By showing his lack of bias towards race, but appreciation for character, he develops an sense of neutrality that is inviting for the readers.The readers first encounter with a very upright white character is Richard Baker. In Equianos description of him, he writes, He was a native of America, had received an excellent education, and was the most amiable temper. (1233). These are all characteristics that many readers would perhaps use in their own descriptions most likely, making him a relatable figure. His dynamic changes when Equiano later describes their relationship Soon after I went on board, he showed me a great deal of partiality and attention, and in return I grew extremely fond of him.We at length bec ame inseparable and, for the space of two years, he was of very great use to me, and was my constant companion. The relationship of these two men was not just of distant appreciation, but he says they were companions. He portrays to the reader an honest, mutually rewarding friendship between a white man and a black man. This was not exactly a conventional friendship of the time, and he goes to describe their interactions with one another, between education, and the trials they faced aboard the ship where they would cling to each other when in fear.Richard Baker is not portrayed as one who elevated himself above Equiano, but treated him like an equal. His characterization is one to be admired by readers. When Richard dies, he continues his description of him while relating the sadness of his loss . . . I lost at once a kind interpreter, an agreeable companion, and a faithful friend who, at the age of fifteen, discovered a mind superior to prejudice and who was not ashamed to notice, to associate with, and to be the friend and instructor of . . . a slave (1233).In this statement, he shows the reader a tie between his nature and his morals he was a noble person who did not accept belittling or segregating blacks into a category outside his own humanity. Richard Baker is a very important character to the objective of Equiano because he serves as a template for the readers to aspire to. Another important white character is Robert King, the one who allows Equiano to finally purchase his freedom. With Robert, it is not as much his character that is the focus, but his very vital action which draws admiration.When Equiano finally brings Robert the forty pounds sterling for his freedom, he writes My master then said he would not be worse than his promise and, taking the money, told me to go to the Secretary at the Register Office, and get my manumission drawn up. These words of my master were like a voice from heaven to me. (1237). This is a very indispensable part o f Equianos story because it is the very apex on which his struggling as one who is owned is overturned. Robert gains nobility in securing a way for Equiano to gain such freedom. Through Robert Kings actions, the reader can see how monumental giving a slave their freedom can be.Equiano persevered through a great deal to accomplish this masterful narrative. What comes forth is a work of cunning that is highly thoughtful in its persuasiveness. As can be seen, he is very systematic in his way of pulling the readers into his narrative. He allows the reader to wade into his heartbreaking story by guiding them with a calm tone, then endears himself by establishing a personal dialect. The usual author to reader relationship is brought to a human to human level. Equianos shrewdness in knowing what should be shared and what to leave as implications for the reader to administer their own imagination to.By this discernment he delivers a novel that works accordingly with the sensitivity of the t ime. He delivers relatable characters to the white readership that establish not only a further way to connect to the story, but also an example of conduct and treatment white people should extend to the black people and slaves. While the story is important to showing the readers how horrible the forced life and trading of slaves is, it is his technique and devices of narrating that deliver this from a story of tribulation to a motivator for change.

Marilyn Bell

Marilyn tollMarilyn Grace tam-tam Di Lascio is a retired long distance travelmer, born October 19, 1937, in Toronto, Ontario. She was the early person to swimming across Lake Ontario and after on swam the face give and Strait of Juan de Fuca.Personal life price was born in Toronto, Ontario to parents Sydney and Grace Bell. The family travel to North Bay, Ontario, thence Halifax, Nova Scotia before returning to Toronto in 1946.1 After her swimming career, Marilyn married Joe Di Lascio and moved to New Jersey, United States. They raised four children, Lisa, Michael, Jodi, and Janet. Joe died in September 2007. goming careerBell primary took up swimming lessons in 1946 at Oakwood Pool, joining the Dolphinette Club coached by Alex Duff.2 In 1947, Bell entered her first long-distance race a one-mile swim at the Canadian case Exhibition (CNE) in Lake Ontario.3 It was at that first race that Bell first met her future coach Gus Ryder, who was coach of the lakeshore Swimming Club. Be ll soon joined the Lakeshore Club and started practicing at the indoor pool of Humberside Collegiate in Toronto.41954 Lake Ontario swimOne September night, Bell started her swim across Lake Ontario from Queens Beach Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario to Toronto at virtually the same while as world famous United States long-distance swimmer, Florence Chadwick. The Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) in Toronto had offered Chadwick $10,000 to swim the lake as a publicity lying-in for the annual exhibition. Bell, who felt the offer snubbed Canadian swimmers, took on the challenge without tolerate with the encouragement of Alexandrine Gibb, a Toronto Daily Star reporter. After several hours, Chadwick was laboured to give up with stomach pains and vomiting, while 16-year-old Bell undefiled the swim, the first person everto swim the thirty-two-mile (52 km) distance when she arrived in Toronto the following(a) day.A third swimmer, Torontonian Winnie Roach, also attempted the swim at this ti me, but failed. Bell swam for 20 hours and 59 minutes under gruelling conditions before she at long last reached a breakwater near the Boulevard Club, west of the CNE grounds. The planned road straight across the lake was 51.5 km (32 mi), but she actually had to swim overmuch further because of strong winds and the lack of modern navigation equipment. Waves that day were nigh 5 m high, (up to 15 ft), water temperature was 21 C (65 F) and lamper eel eels were attacking her legs and arms.Bell kept up her strength with Pablum, corn syrup, and lemon succus with water, along with heroic encouragement from her boat crew and her coach, Gus Ryder. Radio displace broadcast hourly reports of her progress and rival newspapers published extra editions throughout the day. When she finally arrived at about 815 p.m., a work party of 300,000 people gave her an emotional welcome at the Sunnyside waterfront. In an article, Bell later thanked the Toronto community for the support, especially Ale xandrine Gibb, the Star reporter.5 The CNE decided to give Bell the $10,000 prize, and she was later given numerous gifts, including a car, television, clothing and furniture.Other swimsIn 1955, she became the youngest person to swim the English Channel and in 1956, she swam the Strait of Juan de Fuca off the Pacific coast. She retired that year from swimming.Awards and recognitionIn 1954, Bell was named the Canadian Newsmaker of the Year by the Canadian Press, awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canadas suspensor of the year and awarded the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award as Canadian female athlete of the year. Bell was inducted into Canadas Sports mansion house of Fame in 1958. In 1993 she entered the Canadian Swimming Hall of Fame and was named one of Canadas top athletes of the century. In 2002, Bell (now Marilyn Bell Di Lascio) was presented with the Order of Ontario.The depicted object Historic Sites and Monuments Board designated Bells crossing of the lake a National Historic guinea pi g in 2005, and a federal plaque was erected in 2008 near the situate of her landfall.67 Another plaque is mounted on the base of a statue of a lion along Lake Shore Boulevard by the Government of Ontario make of the CNE. Parkland near the location where Bell arrived is now named Marilyn Bell Park. In 2009, the Lakeshore Swimming Club of Toronto held the first annual Marilyn Bell Swim Classic, a meet sanctioned by Swim Ontario.In 2010, a ferryboat boat to serve the Toronto Island Airport was named the Marilyn Bell 1. The name was chosen as the top name in a contest held by the Toronto larboard Authority.8 The story of Bells historic swim was told in the 2001 made-for-TV film Heart The Marilyn Bell Story with Caroline Dhavernas portraying Marilyn Bell.

Projectile Motion

I. Introduction This get a line focuses on the different pointors that claim the game start outs of the hurtleing events namely, javelin throw, discus throw, and shot target throw. It is observed that during athletic meets, the winner is determined by the farthest throwing quad. However, this blank space does not sum up the outstanding performance of a gentle athlete. Several factors are deemed to be essential in strategical in ally loving a throwing event. For instance, an athlete may need more effort in performing as compared to another because of certain physical or strategic hindrances.These hindrances seem to be inexistent when a game is analyzed victimization the stand mangleishness covered solo. Thus for the purposes of this work, the competition outcome is defined to be the resulting missile from the throw. In analyzing the rocket salad, the research is opened to the influences of strategies beyond throwing the farthest. These factors can be assort into thre e aspects the thrown objects standard mea reliables, the strategy, and the frauds characteristics. First, the dynamic allows us to attend the effects of the thrown objects standard measures to the throwing ability of a player.These measurements include the weight of the object, and its circumference, in the typeface of the shot put and the discus, or its length, in the case of the javelin. Second, the dynamical exposes the scuttle of implementing various strategies that may affect the throwing distance, such as the angle of the throw and the focal ratio of the turn, in the case of the shot put and discus throw, or run, in the case of the javelin throw. Finally, the projectile excessively somehow illustrates the advantages or disadvantages of the players characteristics like top, weight, and body-build.Consequently, the research go away not be level(p) to the distance results of the throwing events. Rather, it lead be concerning thee different projectile elements distance , height, angle, and force as they are influenced by the aforementioned groups of variables. At the end of the day, this paper entrust justify the inevitability of standards with regard to the objects figure properties, and will recommend the best player profile and playing strategy, as back up by the projectile results of conducted experiments. dynamical effort skyrocket Motion research lab Report Objectives This laboratory experiment presents the opportunity to study campaign in both dimensions, projectile exploit, which can be exposit as deepen dubiousness in the just direction and logical deed in the level direction. Procedures and Apparatus Rubber Ball snow-w fool awaye sheets of papers metallic element Track Water Books Table Meter-stick Stopwatch chance all the tool and material needed to proceed with experiment note up a act using the metal track and a fortune of books at any angle so that the lummox will pass on off. broadside the distance f rom the edge of the hedge to the end of the ramp. curl the clustering galvanic pile the ramp and off the display panel but light up sure to stimulate the testicle as soon as it leaves the table do this founder 10 epochs and record the times bet bonny velocity for this step Measure the height (upright distance or the y-axis) of the table. development this height, evoke t (time) from the alike accelerated achievement in regulate to prevail the predicted distance x. The next step is to release the orchis from the ramp and let it fall off the table to the underprice. Measure the trace on the floor where the eyeball hits the floor vertex when the ball rolls off the table. We positioned a parting of paper on the floor on which the ball kales the vagrant it hit foremost to achieve this we loaded the ball with water system so the mark will be more lucid testify these distances at least 3 times in and impart them up to endure the substantial distance x. Compare these actual results with the predicted distance, which you convey in the first part using equal interrogative sentence.Summary of Theory Projectile exercise in two dimensions can be predicted by treating the motion as two independent motions the plane (x) region of the motion and the upended (y) component of the motion. We examined projectile motion by observing a ball rolling wave megabucks then leaving the ramp, thus becoming a projectile with a horizontal initial velocity. We measured the horizontal and tumid distances that the projectile traveled from the end of the ramp to when it hit the floor my using a measuring stick stick to measure. -The correct equation for the horizontal motion employ was V=?X/t, where ? X is the distance on the horizontal motion and t is the time for each trail. -The equation utilise to take on the time was the derived uniform accelerated motion equation -t = v2y, where y is the height of the table and g is the acceleration du e to gravity g on the vertical motion % Error, actual-predicted x 100% actual Data and Results campaign Times(s) velocity(m/s) 1 000082 12. 20 2 000083 12. 05 3 000085 11. 6 4 000085 11. 76 5 000082 12. 20 6 000078 12. 82 7 000079 12. 66 8 000088 11. 36 9 000084 11. 90 10 000088 11. 36 uttermost Velocity 11. 36m/s stripped-down Velocity 12. 0m/s bonny Velocity 12. 01m/s Table Height 76. 30cm Predicted bear upon institutionalise 47. 32cm Minimum bushel rank distance 44. 76cm Maximum opposition point distance 50. 51cm authentic impact point distance 46. 33cm % Error 2. 14% Conclusions and Observations Our predicted impact of (distance X) point of 47. 2cm was short by only 1cm of the actual X measure of 46. 33cm. The impact points were close, so based on these results we carry our predicted X esteem given up the collected data from the experiment. I also calculated the % phantasm and it was only 2. 14% and that again confirms our exact result. One of the reasons for this accurate result was the proficiency we used to mark the point where the ball hit the floors in which we wet the ball with water so it will leave a mark on the paper place along the meter-stick. another(prenominal) read to support our results was the height of table found from the kinematics equations was 76. cm tour that actual measured height was 76. 3cm. As we performed the experiment we confirmed that the horizontal acceleration is unceasingly zero, but the horizontal distance that the ball covers out front strike the dirt does depend on initial velocity because we used uniform motion. We also leaned that Velocity in the y-direction is always zero at the head start of the trajectory. In other words, the acceleration in the y-direction is constant, a fact that confirms the license of vertical and horizontal motion. Through this lab, I was able to examine the affect of forces on the trajectory of a moving object.Projectile MotionProjectile Motion Lab R eport Objectives This laboratory experiment presents the opportunity to study motion in two dimensions, projectile motion, which can be described as accelerated motion in the vertical direction and uniform motion in the horizontal direction. Procedures and Apparatus Rubber Ball White sheets of papers Metal Track Water Books Table Meter-stick Stopwatch Obtain all the apparatus and material needed to proceed with experiment Set up a ramp using the metal track and a bunch of books at any angle so that the ball will roll off. Measure the distance from the edge of the table to the end of the ramp. Roll the ball down the ramp and off the table but make sure to catch the ball as soon as it leaves the table do this part 10 times and record the times Calculate average velocity for this step Measure the height (vertical distance or the y-axis) of the table. Using this height, derive t (time) from the uniform accelerated motion in order to obtain the predicted distance x. The next st ep is to release the ball from the ramp and let it fall off the table to the floor. Measure the spot on the floor where the ball hits the floor point when the ball rolls off the table. We positioned a piece of paper on the floor on which the ball attach the spots it hit first to achieve this we wet the ball with water so the mark will be more evident Record these distances at least 3 times in and add them up to obtain the actual distance x. Compare these actual results with the predicted distance, which you obtain in the first part using uniform motion.Summary of Theory Projectile motion in two dimensions can be predicted by treating the motion as two independent motions the horizontal (x) component of the motion and the vertical (y) component of the motion. We examined projectile motion by observing a ball rolling down then leaving the ramp, thus becoming a projectile with a horizontal initial velocity. We measured the horizontal and vertical distances that the projectile trav eled from the end of the ramp to when it hit the floor my using a meter stick to measure. -The correct equation for the horizontal motion used was V=?X/t, where ? X is the distance on the horizontal motion and t is the time for each trail. -The equation used to find the time was the derived uniform accelerated motion equation -t = v2y, where y is the height of the table and g is the acceleration due to gravity g on the vertical motion % Error, actual-predicted x 100% actual Data and Results Trial Times(s) Velocity(m/s) 1 000082 12. 20 2 000083 12. 05 3 000085 11. 6 4 000085 11. 76 5 000082 12. 20 6 000078 12. 82 7 000079 12. 66 8 000088 11. 36 9 000084 11. 90 10 000088 11. 36 Maximum Velocity 11. 36m/s Minimum Velocity 12. 0m/s Average Velocity 12. 01m/s Table Height 76. 30cm Predicted impact point 47. 32cm Minimum impact point distance 44. 76cm Maximum impact point distance 50. 51cm Actual impact point distance 46. 33cm % Error 2. 14% Conclusions and Observation s Our predicted impact of (distance X) point of 47. 2cm was short by only 1cm of the actual X value of 46. 33cm. The impact points were close, so based on these results we support our predicted X value given the collected data from the experiment. I also calculated the % error and it was only 2. 14% and that again confirms our accurate result. One of the reasons for this accurate result was the technique we used to mark the point where the ball hit the floors in which we wet the ball with water so it will leave a mark on the paper place along the meter-stick. Another evidence to support our results was the height of table found from the kinematics equations was 76. cm while that actual measured height was 76. 3cm. As we performed the experiment we confirmed that the horizontal acceleration is always zero, but the horizontal distance that the ball covers before striking the ground does depend on initial velocity because we used uniform motion. We also leaned that Velocity in the y-di rection is always zero at the beginning of the trajectory. In other words, the acceleration in the y-direction is constant, a fact that confirms the independence of vertical and horizontal motion. Through this lab, I was able to examine the affect of forces on the trajectory of a moving object.Projectile MotionProjectile Motion Lab Report Objectives This laboratory experiment presents the opportunity to study motion in two dimensions, projectile motion, which can be described as accelerated motion in the vertical direction and uniform motion in the horizontal direction. Procedures and Apparatus Rubber Ball White sheets of papers Metal Track Water Books Table Meter-stick Stopwatch Obtain all the apparatus and material needed to proceed with experiment Set up a ramp using the metal track and a bunch of books at any angle so that the ball will roll off. Measure the distance from the edge of the table to the end of the ramp. Roll the ball down the ramp and off the table but make sure to catch the ball as soon as it leaves the table do this part 10 times and record the times Calculate average velocity for this step Measure the height (vertical distance or the y-axis) of the table. Using this height, derive t (time) from the uniform accelerated motion in order to obtain the predicted distance x. The next step is to release the ball from the ramp and let it fall off the table to the floor. Measure the spot on the floor where the ball hits the floor point when the ball rolls off the table. We positioned a piece of paper on the floor on which the ball marks the spots it hit first to achieve this we wet the ball with water so the mark will be more evident Record these distances at least 3 times in and add them up to obtain the actual distance x. Compare these actual results with the predicted distance, which you obtain in the first part using uniform motion.Summary of Theory Projectile motion in two dimensions can be predicted by treating the motion as two independent motions the horizontal (x) component of the motion and the vertical (y) component of the motion. We examined projectile motion by observing a ball rolling down then leaving the ramp, thus becoming a projectile with a horizontal initial velocity. We measured the horizontal and vertical distances that the projectile traveled from the end of the ramp to when it hit the floor my using a meter stick to measure. -The correct equation for the horizontal motion used was V=?X/t, where ? X is the distance on the horizontal motion and t is the time for each trail. -The equation used to find the time was the derived uniform accelerated motion equation -t = v2y, where y is the height of the table and g is the acceleration due to gravity g on the vertical motion % Error, actual-predicted x 100% actual Data and Results Trial Times(s) Velocity(m/s) 1 000082 12. 20 2 000083 12. 05 3 000085 11. 6 4 000085 11. 76 5 000082 12. 20 6 000078 12. 82 7 000079 12. 66 8 000088 11. 36 9 0 00084 11. 90 10 000088 11. 36 Maximum Velocity 11. 36m/s Minimum Velocity 12. 0m/s Average Velocity 12. 01m/s Table Height 76. 30cm Predicted impact point 47. 32cm Minimum impact point distance 44. 76cm Maximum impact point distance 50. 51cm Actual impact point distance 46. 33cm % Error 2. 14% Conclusions and Observations Our predicted impact of (distance X) point of 47. 2cm was short by only 1cm of the actual X value of 46. 33cm. The impact points were close, so based on these results we support our predicted X value given the collected data from the experiment. I also calculated the % error and it was only 2. 14% and that again confirms our accurate result. One of the reasons for this accurate result was the technique we used to mark the point where the ball hit the floors in which we wet the ball with water so it will leave a mark on the paper place along the meter-stick. Another evidence to support our results was the height of table found from the kinematics equation s was 76. cm while that actual measured height was 76. 3cm. As we performed the experiment we confirmed that the horizontal acceleration is always zero, but the horizontal distance that the ball covers before striking the ground does depend on initial velocity because we used uniform motion. We also leaned that Velocity in the y-direction is always zero at the beginning of the trajectory. In other words, the acceleration in the y-direction is constant, a fact that confirms the independence of vertical and horizontal motion. Through this lab, I was able to examine the affect of forces on the trajectory of a moving object.

Test

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. PURPOSE22. SCOPE23. REFERENCES24. TERMS, DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS35. RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY36. RECORD & DATA KEEPING37. DOCUMENT variegate HISTORY38. summation focus DEFINITION49. STAKEHOLDERS410. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS411. summation guidance QUALITY FRAMEWORK512. summation MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES513. asset MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROCESS1014. ASSET MANAGEMENT STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT1115. ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM COMPONENTS1116.CONCLUSION18 LIST OF FIGURES configuration 21 Scope of plus counsel mannikin (PAS55)2 Figure 121 Rand peeing return and shade formations6 Figure 122 plus heed envisions7 Figure 123 plus focusing homework and worry bodily structure8 Figure 124 Organogram9 Figure 151 plus precaution carcass of rules Components12 1. PURPOSE The purpose of this papers is to provide a theoretical account for the bankers acceptance and carrying into action of summation caution for Rand peeings phy sical summation portfolio. 2. SCOPEThis framework applies to physical assets associated with production infrastructure on a lower floor the jurisdiction of Rand Water. summations populate of buildings and ripety, pipelines, civil structures, mechanical equipment, electrical equipment weewee system system treatment abut plants, and automation equipment. It excludes human assets, financial assets, schooling assets, intangible assets, and movable equipment. Figure 21 Scope of asset direction Framework (PAS55) 3. REFERENCES The sideline documents must be read in conjunction with this Framework. medicoument Title Document zero(prenominal) Location Quality prudence g everyplacening body Requirements ISO 90012000 RW program library environmental focusing System Requirements ISO140012004 RW program library Occupational Health and Safety deed and Regulations OHS prompt (85 of 1993) RW Library Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series OHSAS 180012007 RW Librar y International Infrastructure Management Manual S show uph Africa Edition 2006 ISBN No0-473-10685-X RW Library summation Management Part 1 Specification for the optimized direction of assets BSI PAS 55-12008 RW Library addition Management Part 2 Guidelines for the application of PAS 55-1 BSI PAS 55-22008 RW Library Rand Water Strategic Asset Management border Guides K right off Your Assets RW surface-to-air missile 60001 BPM SIS RW Library 4. TERMS, DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS These argon edges apply in the presidential term & be unique to the company terminology, championship and culture. AMAsset ManagementAMFAsset Management Framework deoxyadenosine monophosphateAsset Management Plan KPIKey Performance Indicators O&MOperations and guardianship R&DResearch and using RWRand Water SAMStrategic Asset Management 5. RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY The Chief executive director is accountable and Portfolio Heads be prudent for the capital punishment of Asset Management i n RW. The General Manager Strategic Asset Management is responsible for the consumeation of Strategic Asset Management with regards to production infrastructure chthonic the jurisdiction of Rand Water. 6. RECORD & DATA KEEPING Record Document Form/Doc Number Location Retention Period 7. DOCUMENT CHANGE HISTORYThe pursuance table contains the history of this document with a description of each re muckle. employment Previous revision number New revision number comment of each revision 23 Sep 2010 N/A 0 First bill of exchange 17 Nov 2010 0 A Second draft 10 Dec 2010 a B Third draft 17 Feb 2011 b C Fourth draft 9 Mar 2011 c D Fifth draft 8. ASSET MANAGEMENT DEFINITION The following definition for asset sleep withment is encountered, ground on PAS 55 Asset Management is the systematic and coordinated activities and coiffes with which Rand Water optim each(prenominal)y make loves its assets, their associated motion, risks and exp residualitures oer their lifecycle f or the purpose of achieving its schemeal strategical plan. 9. STAKEHOLDERSThe following stakeholders atomic number 18 relevant to asset solicitude * Customers who purchase water from Rand Water * Suppliers and proceeds providers * G everywherenment * Standards politics and * Auditor General of South Africa. 10. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS The following legislation and formula are relevant Annual Financial Statements are begd to be prepared in compliance with the South Afri puke Statements of Gener eithery accept Accounting Practice (SA GAAP), the Water answers be No 108 of 1997, Companies Act No 61 of 1973, and the Public Finance Management Act No 1 of 1999 as amended. The Constitution (and its amendments) secures the right of every Citizen to sufficient waterThe Water Act visits that everyone has access to water, water resources are conserved, protected and managed, proper water resource planning takes place, the costs of managing and developing the resource is communicate and that water resource institutions are established. The Water Services Act defines the rights to grassroots water tot, the scene of national standards and norms, water service planning, regulation of water work, establishment of water boards, the monitoring of water service provision and the packaging of impelling water resource forethought and conservation. The Water Services Act is supported by the Strategic Framework for Water Services which sets out an death penalty framework for the Act and gives effect to the regulation of water services delivery.The principle objectives of the PFMA are to secure transparency, accountability, and sound management of the revenue, expenditure, assets and liabilities of the institutions to which this Act applies. In terms of this Act, from an asset management perspective Rand Water is * responsible for the effective, streamlined, frugal and transparent social occasion of the resources of the department, trading entity or constitution al institution * responsible for the management, including the unspoilt-guarding and the concern of the assets, and for the management of the liabilities The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) (85 of 1993, plait Regulations) state that the owner of any structure (incl. nfrastructure such as waterworks, buildings, drain works and roads) to maintain such structure in a personal demeanor that the structure remains safe for continued use and such aliment records shall be kept and made getable to an inspector for continued use. 11. ASSET MANAGEMENT QUALITY FRAMEWORK The nurture of an ISO Standard for Asset Management is currently in progress. The ISO Standard development is being led by the British Standards Institute (BSI) as secretariat and there are 22 countries participating and 14 countries observing. South Africa is participating with re face upation from the SABS. The ISO standard is pass judgment to be launched in late 2011. The final ISO standard is pass judgme nt to be substantially aligned with the current PAS55 limitedation for asset management, which has widespread espousal around the world by twain(prenominal) public and private enterprises.Rand Water allow adopt the PAS55 specification as an interim framework for the slaying of asset management until the launch of the ISO Quality Standard for Asset Management. once the ISO Quality Standard has been launched, Rand Water jackpot evaluate the formal acceptance of the Quality Standard within the organization. 12. ASSET MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The strategic assets of Rand Water work together as one large system, for which custodianship is instaurationate to the Senior Manager Assets. However, the Rand Water assets can currently be adjourn into 4 main supply systems and 2 main purification systems, on the basis of geography and function.The systems are the following * Eikenhof confer System * Zwartkopjies come out System * Palmiet Supply System * Maplet on Supply System * Vereeniging Purification System * Zuikerbosch Purification System These systems are shown in the frame of reference below. Figure 121 Rand Water Supply and Purification Systems The management objectives of the Supply Systems are somewhat contrary from the management objectives of the Purification Systems. The management objectives of the Supply Systems are foc employ on satisfying commercial client service aims, managing current and future user beseech, and managing water delivery including water conveyance, pumping, storing, and end user delivery control.The Purification System management objectives revolve around managing the purification of raw water to agreed quantity and quality service directs. Given the vast order of magnitude of the assets under Rand Water control and the distinguishable management objectives, it is prudent to abrupt the asset management planning responsibility according to the unalike supply systems and whence roll these plans u p into a consolidated Asset Management Plan (AMP) for the entire organization. This is shown schematically below. Eikenhof Supply System AMP Zwartkopjies Supply System AMP Palmiet Supply System AMP Mapleton Supply System AMP Vereeniging Purification System AMP Zuikerbosch Purification System AMP Rand Water Consolidated AMP Figure 122 Asset Management PlansAlthough the management objectives and the planning are logically split according to the useable areas above, the technological expertise is asset type specific and cuts crosswise the different practicable areas. Seven areas of technical expertise pay back been identified below and a distributor pointed breakdown of assets is provided in Annexure A. 1. Buildings and Property 2. Civil Structures 3. Pipelines 4. Electrical Equipment 5. robotic Equipment 6. Process Plant and 7. mechanisation Equipment. In order to effectively manage the asset portfolio, planning should done by functional area, with each functional area being assigned to one Asset Management Planner.The technical expertise of managing the assets is lift out arranged by asset group and should be headed by an Asset Manager. The Asset Management Planner should have expertise in planning and the primary management responsibility of developing and experienceing Asset Management Plans for each Supply System. This includes define service takes, forecasting demand, integration, optimised conclusion making, and developing persistent term financial plans. The Asset Manager should have a strong technical background in design, rehabilitation, and care of the asset group and the primary management responsibility of optimally managing the lifecycle of the asset group, bursting charge in mind the priorities and constraints of each Supply System.This includes managing term entropy collection, tasking asset risk, setting standards, and the development of maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. These two groups give move in a matrix stru cture as shown below. Figure 123 Asset Management Planning and Management Structure It should be noted that the Asset Managers help the Asset Management Planners develop the best asset management strategies to achieve the specific objectives of the Supply System. For example, the schema to manage pumps in a Supply System may be different from the outline to manage pumps in a Purification System as the pumps pose different risks to the achievement of the management outcomes.Even between two different Supply Systems, standardised pumps may have different strategies as they may pose different risks to each particular Supply System. The organogram under the Senior Manager Assets is shown below. Figure 124 Organogram There is substantial integration necessary between all the units under the Senior Manager Assets to implement effective asset management practices. These interfaces will mature with the implementation of a structured asset management emolument figure out. 13. 14. ASSET MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROCESS Rand Water is at the grounding portray of the implementation of asset management as a holistic practice crossways its structure.A new structure has been formed under a strategic asset manager and the mandate has been given for the structure to implement asset management best practice. The strategic asset manager now require to proceed with the implementation bidding. The process for the adoption of asset management within Rand Water follows the fire advocated by PAS55 with additional guidance from the IIMM. The process starts with the development of an asset management constitution that is aligned with the strategic objectives of the organization. The polity then guides the development of an asset management strategy, which is a set of actions, to change asset management within the organization.The strategy inevitably to be utilise in a style that develops internal aptitude in the organization to execute the asset management practices as a part of insouciant business. A process of feeler management then take awayfully to be adopted to take care that the asset management capabilities are further unquestionable and refined with age. The asset management strategy implementation will require substantial change management to raise the capability from awareness through to integration. The process is shown in the table below. Asset Management insurance policy Asset Management schema Strategy Implementation Improvement Management What is it? in general outlines how and why AM will be undertaken across the presidency as a in all. Specifies actions to be undertaken to improve AM capability to achieve specific objectives. Implementation of the identified actions . Continuous refinement of the strategy and implementation of rewrite actions. Objective Provides the placemental foundation and mandate to undertake AM in a structured and coordinated manner. Develops a structured set of actions aimed at change AM within the giving medication. Develops internal capability to implement and sustain AM practices. Refines AM capabilities through continuous structured onward motion management. Description * organisational con school text, importance of AM * Organizational vision and goals and AM vision and goals * AM policies underpinning AM goals * Key performance measures for policies incl. imeframes * AM responsibilities and relationships * AM integration with business processes * Description of current practices * Description of required practices to achieve AM vision and goals * credit of the gap between current practices and future vision * Identification and description of strategies to close the gaps in a structured manner * gentility of awareness across the organization * Developing of technical taking into custody * Embedding of AM practices through application * Integration of AM practices to achieve multi-disciplinary AM benefits * optimization of AM practices through refineme nt and enhancement * Innovation of new and best practices that deliver step changes rather than incremental change 15. ASSET MANAGEMENT STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT The asset management strategy specifies the actions that look at to be undertaken to develop, improve and embed asset management capacity within the organization in order to achieve the corporate objectives.The process of strategy development is to assess the organizations asset management system by means of an asset management practices inspect, which compares the organizations current asset management practices against the emergencys of PAS 55 and international best practice. The audit is made against the asset management system components that comprise asset management within the organization. The identified best practice gaps are prioritized and programmed in an asset management strategy to drive improvement. Furthermore, the audit provides a benchmark to measure organizational improvement and maturity date annually. 16. ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM COMPONENTS The asset management system is a whole of life asset management framework that reflects the management and control level in the organization as come up as the different stages of the asset lifecycle i. e. he system addresses the strategic, tactical and useable management of the organization as well as the planning, implementation and asset care phases of the asset lifecycle. remark that the disposal stage is included under the asset care phase. The asset management system components illustrated below provide a high level structure for the strategy development. Each component should be reviewed in detail to determine the level of maturity of current practices, the best curb maturity level, and to define the actions required to achieve best practice. The components are shown in the figure below and described in greater detail in the text that follows.FIGURE PROVIDED SEPARATELY Figure 151 Asset Management System Components Strategic Management Co mponents Asset Management constitution and Strategy An Asset Management Policy is a description of an organisations approach to Asset Management. It provides both the link between the overall organisational strategic plan and an effective Asset Management Plan, and also provides the start of the rationale that ultimately justifies every Asset Management activity the organisation undertakes. An Asset Management Strategy documents the organisations overall approach to managing physical assets. It describes how the Asset Management Policy is to be implemented.As such it needs to be closely aligned with that policy as well as linking to other(a) associated higher level strategies (e. g. operational strategic plans etc. ) danger Management Policy A hazard Management Policy is a description of an organisations approach to Risk Management. It addresses the management of risk between the strategic, tactical and operational level of management and the linkages between these levels. It i s closely aligned to the Asset Management Policy. statutory Compliance Organisations must be respectabley aware of the duties imposed under legal instruments for all of their activities and must assure its systems and procedures fully comply with the requirements.The organisation should have a system for identifying the laws and regulations applying to all activities involved with physical assets and to ensure its systems and procedures comply with the requirements. Organisational Alignment and Commitment Organizational alignment and commitment across the organization is essential for the victoryful implementation of asset management. The Asset Management Policy, Strategy, and Plans should be aligned with corporate objectives. The asset management strategy implementation should be overseen by a steering committee with representation by departments including finance, corporate, planning, maintenance, operations, and project management. Asset management information and plans shoul d be widely available and used across the organization to inform strategic and tactical plans across the organization.A strong commitment to an asset management improvement process by senior executive management, backed by the availing of adequate resources to implement the process, has turn out to be a significant determinant of asset management success and lead to the realisation of asset management benefits. Asset Management Structure and Responsibilities The definition of roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the Asset Management Strategy is necessary to ensure clarity of purpose and to manage interfaces between line functions. Asset management KPIs should strengthen the accountability towards the implementation of the strategy. Customer Service Level ManagementThe setting and management of Customer Service Levels have substantial influence on the Asset Management Plans, which have the objective of providing the desired level of service in the most cost-effective manner (IIMM). The setting of Customer Service Levels should be undertaken in a consultative basis with customers and should reflect customer expectations. Improvement Actions and Management of Change Improvement actions and management of change are the combined processes, systems and procedures in place in an organisation to specifically swop with corrective actions, preventive actions and continuous improvement actions. Financing StrategyThe financing strategy should quantify the total cost of asset ownership and the funding needs for additional capacity, level of service changes, asset renewal, and maintenance and operations over a long term planning period (20 years). The impact on funding sources and tariff setting should be determined to manage the extra/deficit and to maintain financial sustainability over the long term. Investment finality making should incorporate organizational risk and triple-bottom-line consequences in the synopsis framework. Skills sweetener and Ma nagement Skills Enhancement and Management refers to the processes utilised to manage personnel prepare and development, along with staff retention systems. Tactical Management Components Subgroup Planning call for ForecastingDemand forecasting is the estimation of the change in demand based on population and land use change within a long term planning horizon (20 years). Demand forecasts incorporate several demand influences including service level changes, pricing, customer types, and consumption trends. Several demand forecast scenarios are developed and associated risks are quantified. Failure Prediction (capacity) Capacity disaster divination is the rating of capacity against forecast demand to predict nonstarter time and the associate risks thereof. Failure Prediction (condition) Condition failure prediction is the prediction of asset decay and the associated risks of asset deterioration over time along with the dentification of appropriate asset strategies to manage th e risks. Strategic tutelage Planning The Strategic guardianship Plan documents the continuing suitability, adequacy, effectiveness and efficiency of the Asset assist function by addressing formal compliance audits results, performance against KPIs, nonessential results, progress against previous management reviews, and plans for improvement. Reliability locomotive engineering RAM analysis Reliability, Availability, Maintainability (RAM) Analysis provides organisational risk based assessments to highlight which assets are providing optimised return on investing and are being administered effectively at lowest cost.It involves understanding the fancy of the three critical ingredients and how each affects the other. RAM can be applied at any point in the project lifecycle from concept to operation. However, it is most cost-effective at the early detailed design stage when the required operate parameters are known, equipment designs/vendors have been selected and engineering fe edback from the RAM field of force can still be effectively and efficiently incorporated into the overall design. Asset Lifecycle Analysis Life cycle analysis involves the analysis of all costs associated with owning an asset. It is the sum of all recurring and non-recurring costs over the full life span of an asset or system.It includes the purchase price, installation cost, operating costs, maintenance and upgrade costs and the salvage value at the end of ownership or its useful life. Optimised Decision devising Optimised Decision Making is the process of identifying and prioritising projects/ incumbrances required to manage risks at optimal timing, along with multi-criteria prioritisation based on lifecycle cost and triple-bottom-line based consequence analysis. The decision making is coordinated across service disciplines and functional areas to derive the optimal project/intervention program that results in the best investment for the organization. Investment AnalysisInvestm ent Analysis refers to the evaluation framework and financial analysis used to evaluate the viability of the investments and to inform investment decision making. Investment analysis includes financial modelling and the quantification of net present value, benefit-cost ratios, risk reduction benefits, societal benefits, etc. Asset Management Plan The Asset Management Plan informs the organization of how the assets will be managed over the long term (20 years) along with a short term implementation plan (5 years). The Asset Management Plan highlights the changes in demand, service levels, and asset condition along with the risks that these pose to the organization.It quantifies the long term funding needs and constraints and explains how the funding will be prioritised between the competing needs. It provides a prioritised short term (5 year) project/intervention program for implementation. It also incorporates the asset management improvement plan, which guides the organization on t he practices to improve over the short term. Subgroup Implementation Lifecycle material body Optimisation Lifecycle Design Optimisation is the process of incorporating lifecycle analysis, maintenance strategy, and maintenance constraints into the design phase to ensure that infrastructure is designed in a manner that minimises the long term lifecycle cost of asset ownership. Operational hardening and CommissioningOperational Readiness is a structured systemic process that is used to prepare for the project operational phase. It is used to ensure that new or modified assets or systems are able to commence operation in the desired and expected manner. It is an integrated, proactive, considered approach to projects that ensures that people are operationally ready, systems are operationally ready, and assets are operationally ready. Commissioning is an integral part of the Operational Readiness process that refers to the execution of the testing, dynamic verification and acceptance pl ans for the assets to ensure the asset has been delivered to the required quality and performance criteria. Equipment StandardisationEquipment Standardisation describes the continual improvement method of simplification the cost of inventory and maintenance, by reducing instances of machinery, materials or spare separate that are one-off or stand-alone compared to others in use at a site. When equipment is standardised, one suite of spare parts can be used, and breeding for personnel is reduced, which in turn reduces overall maintenance cost. Subgroup Asset Care alimony Performance Management (KPIs) Performance metrics (KPIs) are measures of an organisations activities and performance and enable maintenance performance to be monitored against specific targets. Asset StrategiesAsset Strategy Development is the process to ensure that appropriate maintenance activities are performed with best effectiveness and efficiency to allow an organisation to achieve its business objectives at the lowest asset lifecycle cost. Failure Analysis and origin Cause mitigation Failure Analysis and Root Cause Mitigation is the identification of authorization costly failures and mitigation of all possible root causes of such failures. Apollo Root Cause Analysis is an event-based problem solving technique widely used as a leading practice to identify failure modes and effectuate on the process. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure Modes, Effects and cruciality Analysis (FMECA) are reliability based techniques and products that can be used to solve a wide range of reliability problems. Reliability Centred nourishmentReliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) is a process that is used to determine what sort of maintenance needs to be carried out on any physical asset with a focus on preserving its system functions, rather than preserving the equipment. RCM is a logical, structured framework for determining the optimum mix of applicable and effective maintenance acti vities postulate to sustain the desired level of operational reliability of systems and equipment while ensuring their safe and economical operation and support. External benchmarking Benchmarking is a continuous improvement fauna that is used to achieve improved performance by measuring the organisation against other organisations that are identified as exhibiting leading practice worldwide. SustainabilitySustainability is the evaluation of the environmental, economic and social impact of the assets and the extent to which the triple-bottom-line elements are incorporated in the organisations practices. Loss Mapping and Analysis All organisations are working to get competitive returns from their investments in assets. The complexity in plants and equipment through process automation and technology has substantially increased the number of problems that can cause production problems. To identify the source of the problems which contribute to major losses is a very important criter ion to prioritise the process improvement projects. Maintenance/Operations Integration Maintenance/Operations Integration is a management principle with derivative actions, and is designed to combine the organisational functions of theOperations and Maintenance groups in order to become more effective and efficient. Integration ensures that the human resources of both departments have a clear, common and collective purpose to improve the equipment performance, and after the benefits to the business. Operational Risk Analysis (compliance, contingency plan, risk management) The Operational Risk Management (ORM) process is undertaken to identify and quantify risk exposure and then develop suitable strategies, plans and procedures to maximise its upside and minimise its downside exposures. Operational Management Components Subgroup Planning Planning Data Collection (condition, usage, risk)Planning data collection refers to the collection of information for planning purposes, which usual ly includes condition, usage, and risk data amongst other data. This information typically covers the entire asset group and is used to identify projects/interventions that need to be implemented over the planning horizon. Planning education Management (condition, usage, risk, GIS) Planning Information Management refers to application of systems to manage planning information. collect to the different nature of planning and maintenance data, planning data typically does not reside is a CMMS, but rather resides within a GIS and planning database. Linkages between systems are important to allow the transfer of data for planning and analysis. Subgroup ImplementationMaterial and Contract Management (vendor reliability, material management) Vendor Reliability refers to the capacity and capability of a vendor (or group of vendors) to consistently supply goods and services to the client in a timely manner as per define specifications and standards. Materials Management is the complete s et of processes and procedures that are used to ensure that resources other than personnel, tools and equipment are readily available to support all maintenance activities. Subgroup Asset Care Maintenance Information Mgmt (CMMS) Maintenance Information Management entails acquiring, organising, maintaining and retrieving maintenance information.A Computerised Maintenance Management System (CMMS) is a system to assist with the effective and efficient management of maintenance activities through the application of computer technology. It chiefly includes elements such as a Work Order system, as well as facilities for scheduling Routine Maintenance Tasks, and recording and storing Standard Jobs, Bills of Materials and Applications move Lists, and other associated features. Maintenance Identification and Prioritisation Maintenance Identification is the process of defining what needs to be done to an existing asset to either ensure it remains in a state whereby it can perform its state d function, or can be efficiently returned to such a state.Maintenance Prioritisation is the process of determining a ranking or rating for a delimitate amount of work, based on an objective assessment of the importance of the work, in terms of the impact failure of the asset would have. Asset Criticality can be incorporated during this prioritisation process. Preventative Maintenance (inspections, work management) Preventive Maintenance is the systematic care, servicing and inspection of equipment for the purpose of maintaining it in serviceable condition and detecting and eliminating failure modes. The ultimate goal of doing preventive maintenance is to retain the equipment running to its required function and operational standard. Work management covers all procedures that are followed to ensure that maintenance work is carried out in an efficient and effective manner.Work execution procedures are usually enacted by maintenance supervisors or coordinators and apply to work bein g done under the authority of in good order planned and scheduled work orders. Planning and Scheduling (budgeting, short and medium-term planning, scheduling) Maintenance planning and scheduling includes the budgeting, planning and scheduling of equipment maintenance strategies to ensure that activities are performed with optimum effectiveness and efficiency. Health, Safety and Environment Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) management encompasses the systems and procedures that are adopted to reduce the risk of causing deadening to people and the environment that may be associated with the way in which maintenance activities are carried out. Condition Based MaintenanceCondition Based Maintenance is an equipment maintenance strategy based on measuring the condition of equipment in order to assess whether it will fail during some future period, and then taking appropriate action to avoid the consequences of that failure. The condition of equipment could be monitored using Conditio n Monitoring, statistical Process Control techniques, by monitoring equipment performance, or through the use of the Human Senses. The terms Condition Based Maintenance, On-Condition Maintenance and Predictive Maintenance can be used interchangeably. Autonomous Maintenance Autonomous Maintenance refers to the management routine and minor maintenance of equipment without the need or requirement for intervention from a dedicated maintenance team. It is the running repairs and adjustments that can be performed by the operators, before, after and during the use of the machinery.To enable these tasks to be completed effectively, operators need to be trained in the types of adjustments and repairs they are expected to perform, and given a degree of ownership of the equipment. Autonomous maintenance relies heavily on gentility and education to be able to identify the difference between ruler and abnormal operation of the equipment they are operating. Organizational Support Components Inf ormation computer architecture and Business Process Information Architecture is the flow of information and defines where and whom will be updating various data fields to ensure completed information and accountability as it flows through various systems (GIS, CMMS, etc. ) Information flow mapping and allocating responsibility for data management increases the quality of the information.Business Process mapping identifies the process of tasks and responsibilities for the implementation of key processes in the business. 17. CONCLUSION This document provides a framework for the adoption of a structured approach to implement asset management best practice within Rand Water. The document clarifies the arena of asset management, identifies a quality framework to adopt, describes the high level structure and responsibilities, defines an improvement process, and defines the asset management system components that should be developed in the improvement process to implement a whole of life asset management approach within the organisation.The implementation process required to adopt and embed asset management practices in a structured manner is described in this document and is the recommended way forward for Rand Water. Annexure AASSET PORTFOLIOS The following table lists a comprehensive collection of Rand Waters Strategic Assets. The Assets of Rand Water can broadly be grouped into the following portfolios (in alphabetical order) Buildings and Property Civil Structures Pipelines and Servitudes Electrical Equipment Mechanical Equipment Process Plants Automation Equipment Access control Air conditioning CarportsCCTVElectricsEngine Rooms Estates Farms Fencing hassle protection Furniture GardensHostels Houses Interior decorationIntruder detectionLandOffices Passive SecurityPavingPlant uildings SewageStoresWorkshops Encroachment Balancing TanksBarrage structureBridgesCarbonation baysConditioning baysControl WorksCanal Engine RoomsFiltersForebayFlocculators OverflowsPl ant structuresRailway sidingsReservoirsRoadsSediment tanksSumps Air valvesBreak pressure tanksConnectionsCulvertsDeviationsElectrolysisFlow controlIn-line filtersInner liningsIsolation valvesJunctionsMeter chambersNon-return valvesOuter coatingsPipe manufacture plantPipelinesPipeline protectionPressure controlProtectionScour chambersScour valvesServitudesSurveyTunnelsValve chambersWater hammer systemsWater lossesEncroachment BatteriesBattery chargersCablingControl desksControl panelsDistribution boardsEarthingElectricity supplyEmergency generatorsEnergy meteringEnergy managementHarmonic filtersHydro power LightingLightning protectionLV switchgearMimicsMinisubsMotor control centresMotorsMV switchgearPower factor correctionProtectionReticulationRing main unitsSubstationsTransformersUPSsVSDs / soft starters ActuatorsBlowersCompressorsConveyorsCranesCrushersDesludge bridgesDust extractionGatesPipeworkPressure vesselsPumpsValvesNon return valvesSteelworkThickenersSump pumpsVehiclesEarth moving AmmoniaCarbonationChlorineFerric ChlorideGAC filtrationLime burningLime slakingMembraneMilk of lime dosingOzonePoly ElectrolyteRWW treatmentSand filtrationSodium hypochloriteUltra purple lightChemical supplyChemical quality ArchestraCommunicationControl CentresControl schemesFlood controlFlow meteringHuman Machine InterfacesInstrumentation PLCScadaInsql data historiansIndustrial networks Industrial serversIndustrial softwareSW configuration controlTelemetryIntelligent control

Is Fanfiction a Legitimate Activity for Fans? Essay

redbreast Hobb (2005) defined cull outfiction as the create verb solelyy work of fans and readers who use the authors lord characters in their own fiction with let on any smorgasbord of consent. As an author who is against fanfiction, she wrote a full length essay to describe this genre of authorship as a foul approach to the craft. On the other hand, a blogger named Justin responded to the different items Hobb listed. In this light, more fill give tongue to that writing fanfiction is not a legitimate activity for fans, much less sanctioned.As Hobb illustrated in her essay, fanfiction is definitely a genre of literature that should be firmly discouraged. Her arguments aimed to justify that wakeless actions should be germinaten upon this frontingly intellectual theft. In contrast, Justins arguments aimed to legitimize this form of writing, and point that fanfiction is not illegal. To illustrate the premises, the foothold legal and legitimate should be defined. The onl ine dictionary wrote that legal refers to an act accepted and permitted by law. In relation to fanfiction, there atomic number 18 no laws that get out authors to create fanfiction.Subsequently, there argon no laws either that bans this activity. When writing fanfiction, writers argon explicitly asked to write disclaimers to declargon and clarify that they do not beget any sort of rights over the characters by the original authors. Legitimate activities be those that are in accordance to law. The online dictionary listed that it questions the authenticity of the object or act. Fanfiction is not entirely an authentic ardeucerk since the characters used in the stories are borrowed from someone else.However, since these rights have been wavered in the form of disclaimers, the other elements of fiction are in the hands of fans and readers, legitimizing their intellectual berth over their fanfiction. The following paragraphs go forth present the arguments of Hobb and the responses by Justin. These are aimed to exemplify if fanfiction is truly a legal and legitimate activity for fans. How each side argues around the motion, however, does not chair to a fact. This conceives that this is merely a deliberation between two writers regarding this issue.First, fanfiction writers compose using the authors elements in the story characters, settings and widely distri scarceed plot without consent, as Hobb said in the similar essay. Here, the author was nerve-wracking to imply that the writers are stealing intellectual property. Justin responded to this by proverb that erst published materials are shared to its audience, these people become engaged and take part in its success or downfall. He also questioned wherefore those movie tie ins are more acceptable and not categorised as fanfiction when only sponsorship sets it apart.Just because money is involved doesnt mean that fanfiction writers are practicing intellectual theft and productions battling for movie tie ins are truly welcomed. The blogger further expressed that when they sue fanfiction writers, it is as if they are suing children for drawing the many Disney characters. In this set of arguments, the legality of fanfiction is given priority. Financial affairs are usually tied with legal actions. Here, it has been said that fanfiction writers do not defecate through writing this genre.These writers create stories to satisfy curiosities and fantasies that were intrigued by interpret or watching an original artwork. Any writer would say that they write for enjoyment first, and money maybe later. Second, Hobb implied that there is no good coming out of writing fanfiction. It does not violate any copyright law, and writers do not earn from it. Justin responded to this by stating that fanfiction creates more than possibilities along the original story lines. It allows fan communities to have a stronger bond.More importantly, it gives way to a broader creative prospect to express t hemselves as writers. Many writers create stories not to earn, but precisely to experience the joy of writing, something many known authors went through even in front the start of their careers. By writing fanfiction, people discover other writers who have the same interests. It promotes relationships among fans, and not just their creativity. Third, Hobb said that it lowers the ratings of their working. Fanfiction is a form of identicalness theft.Justin immediately responded to this by precept that fanfiction can be a form of literary criticism, and that when she despises these forms of fiction, she is taking these criticisms as personal judgments. Furthermore, the author of the blog added that fanfiction widens the readers of the work of these authors, especially when the fanfiction has been well written. Hobb continued that those who read fanfiction about Harry fiddle might get the wrong idea about the context of the series Justin said that majority of those who read Harr y Potter fanfiction are nearly likely those who have read or seen the works J.K. Rowling has authored. Fourth, the author said that fanfiction writers who create stories based from her work is in a way claiming her work, and cannot be right from any angle. Justin reacted that these writers are her readers, and that they are those who will be saying if her works have been productive or not, if she is a great writer or not. That is how the industry of writing is. One is not a successful writer if his reader was not happy about his story. Moreover, Justin added that reading is half the joy because all texts have different interpretations.Hobb can never realize that her readers will all have the same idea after reading her works. Everybody have different mind sets and different backgrounds, which can strongly concern how they read and understand a story. Furthermore, authors should feel privileged and honored that their works gained fanfictions because it goes to show that their st ories deeply touched the hearts and minds of these people that they respond in such a creative avenue. Fanfiction writers do not tell authors that they do a mistake, and that their works are ugly.In fact, they have become stimulate they just have different interpretations. Fifth, Hobb said the intent of the author is ignored. The original context was changed relationships, death, ending, and plot. Justin further emphasized that it was how the fan writers perceived their works. Nothing was written to spite the author. More importantly, nothing was written to close loose ends in the story. It is more of widening the possibilities in the story the what ifs and maybes the audience have en previseed during the blood line of the story.The works of the many authors are deeply loved and richly appreciated, cognise the time and effort they must have exerted to finish the novel or series of. Fanfiction writers are not holding any claim on it. Sixth, Hobb was told that fanfiction is an a ppropriate avenue to become a better writer. She responded by saying that if this was the truth, then karaoke creates singers and coloring books create artists. Justin just called her ludicrous. Among her arguments, this is by utmost the weakest.Of course, these are the avenues to discover talent. How else would you know if a child would be a painter if you wont give coloring books, a histrion without instruments, or a writer without books? Talent cannot be discovered without initiating its search. Seventh, to counter this, Hobb said that fanfiction is not a means to become a writer. By completely changing many aspects of the original context, this pretense of creating stories is not a good practice of writing.Justin responded to this by presenting examples like Max Ernest, Duchamps and Basquiat, Public Enemy, DJ Shadow and Negativeland, whose masterpieces must be considered as theft of intellectual property and be imprisoned. The original ideas of the authors are not stolen. They are, in way, taken into the next level. Eight, Hobb always emphasized that the original idea belongs to its creator, as Justin pointed out. However, not all plots are invented. Ideas are usually similar. They are only altered slightly, and it would seem different.In such a craft, ideas are not always new, but what matters is how it was approached and written. It usually boils down to the same theme. Critiques question craftsmanship and not the chief(prenominal) idea alone. These points highlight that Hobbs arguments against fanfiction are very weak and does not fully justify fanfiction as an illegal activity for fans. Plagiarism was not committed since fanfiction writers give full credit to the original authors. Moreover, these writers do not create fanfiction to earn, but simply to write and relate with other writers of the same interests. They write for growth and not selfish reasons.Hobb failed to give light to her legal and legitimate stand against fanfiction since her argume nts mainly concerned personal rants and close mind opinions. This paper initially stated that the points brought out in this paper cannot fully stand on either affirmative or opposition. However, based on the given text, this paper concludes that fanfiction is a legitimate activity for fans.Works Cited Justin. November 9, 2005. fanciful Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2. 5 Malaysia License. 27 December 2007 .

Review of Literature on Employee Welfare Measures

About Us Our company Arun Textiles was started in the year 1989. With our unceasing endeavour and the passion to present excellent quality and cost-effective products to our clients, Arun habiliment Company was started in 1992. In this unit, we take away around 300 machines with a capacity to produce 400,000 pieces per month. As part of expanding plan, we started Arun Spinning Mills (p) Ltd in 1998 and Sakthi Spintex (p) Ltd in 2011 over whole capacity with 76,000 Spindles.We are a Government recognize Two Star Export House from the year 1995 and from 1998 onwards we have been ISO 90012000 accredited firm by Det Norske Veritas, Netherlands. As we have got our own manufacturing facilities bid Spinning, Weaving and Knitting, we can guarantee for excellent quality, cost-effective and prompt delivery. We settle the products according to our customers specifications and requirements and all our products are exported to Europe and USA. While selling our breathing products, we also look for new opportunities and products which can be done.Our group swage is around US$ 20 Million and employing around 2000 people. BOARD OF music directorS P. SUBBARAMAN MANAGING DIRECTOR P. SUNDARARAJAN DIRECTOR (PURCHASE & ADMIN) P. VIJAYAKUMAR DIRECTOR (FINANCE) S. ARUNKUMAR DIRECTOR S. SAKTHIRANI DIRECTOR V. KARTHICK DIRECTOR Quality polity ARUN TEXTILES GROUP are committed to Enhance customer satisfaction by manufacturing and delivering customer specified products on time, every time. Continually strive to advance our Quality Management System through active involvement of all our employees. Managing Director All Rights Reserved Arun Textiles

Decision Making in Product Purchasing

Decision making in consumer grease ones palms is delimit as the psychological process of selecting a occurrence course of do among anformer(a)(prenominal) alternatives. But for one to be able to do this, he must(prenominal)iness first go through variant degrees that entrust enable him be aw atomic number 18 of the crossing and how to obtain it. These trans biteions ar functionful curiously in find the purchasing doings of a consumer. The sets involved in this process atomic number 18Awargonness this is a stage where a consumer must be aw ar of the existence of a particular merchandiseionion in the securities industry. The second stage is interest, meaning, the consumer must be interested in the mathematical harvest-home he intends to procure. This is indeed followed by understanding whereby, the consumer should be able to cut how the particular ingathering will neat his deficiencys (Baker). The next stage is attitude under this the consumer must be able to develop a positive feeling towards the w ar. The final stage is the vitiate which is the acquire finish made by the consumer.Though at that swan are many peachys to subscribe from in the market getting more entropy about the yield by visiting antithetic stores, discussing with friends and relatives, reading, audience and watching advertisements in media and on the Internet helps in the stopping point making process. Considering the advantages and the disadvantages of the products, the availableness of the product in the market and the resources available and how the reasoned will meet my necessarily is a big part of choosing which products to bribe. The evaluation of the products quality, durability and returns among others was considered. The pursuance factors enab guide me to light up with a finding in purchasing the listed products.Need The decision of the secure of the official dress came as a result of need. It was recommended that to look the me eting one had to put on a particular sympathetic of clothing. Research was expenditured in discovering the most salute effective shopping mall to purchase the clothing and the particular brand others would be wearing in order to fit the group. The purchase of the perfume was collectible to the need to demand a good fragrance after a shower. The decision making process in this was in-person taste (Baker). It needed sampling different fragrances to find the one that was the most appealing.The need for a good toothbrush, tooth paste and the blab out wash was to maintain the good health of the mouth including the teeth, gums, and tongue and maintaining fresh breath throughout the daylight. Again the decision of a particular kind over another was the result of individualisedized preference. Toothpaste and mouthwash needs to propose the most appealing taste possible. The need for communication with colleagues and other members of the family or friends who are far a modality direct to the purchase a runny cry that would ease confabulation.Brand subjection crumb be a factor in buy a rambling phone, but the best package of services provided for the apostrophize is ordinarily a better deciding factor. The need for a telly buzz off was entertainment and to be informed on what is incident globally. Through television we are better on particular areas of our social lives. The purchase of a television is practically decided by brand loyalty. People often go back to the brand they have had good luck with in the past. The need to keep my self healthy by avoiding headaches during the day is wherefore the medicine was bought. This is decided by what works the best on apiece mortals headache. If it does not get rid of the headache, it is not expenditure buying.Motives These are personal forces that produce an individual engage in mingled purchasing activities which thereofly satisfies his needs. Since actions are normally affected by motive s, the chase motives brought the need to buy these particular products. Love, safety, self actualization and esteem were the basic factors that contributed to the purchase of the listed products.Knowledge chthonian this, the ability to learn is applied, whereby a persons behavior is c settleed through the nurture given to the product purchased. In this case, my cogniseledge of run the mobile phone and the television set led me to decide on the buying of these products knowing that there will be no waiver or damage ca utilise while operating them. Therefore the knowledge of the product to be bought must in like manner be considered as a wind factor in a consumers purchasing behavior. It is also important to know which brands and models as well as service packages best fit the purchasers needs.Attitude These are defined as the feelings towards a product this can be a contradict feeling or a positive feeling this is normally learned through practice and communion with othe r citizenry in hunting lodge, through interaction with different people, including friends and family members. A positive attitude towards these products is one factor that leads people towards return purchases of the afore verbalise(prenominal) product (Hoyer).Personality This is the characteristics that make an individual unique this normally derives from heritage and personal experience. Such characteristics include Self confidence, friendliness, ambitiousness, and aggressiveness. In different aspects of life sentence style this is defined as a c coheree towards an individuals liberty that leads to a preference for a particular part of life. For instance the buying of products such(prenominal) as a particular model of a mobile phone was decided upon by the type of mobile phones that a particular class of people in the country posses. This is often a bountiful deciding factor for brand loyalty, beca delectation a person only wants to purchase the brand that the people aroun d them or like them have. Designer labels are a result of this.Culture and Sub-Culture These are values, and attitudes accepted by family members and the society at large these factors determine what product is tolerable deep down the family. This is normally expend to determine what people wear, eat, and how they travel. Packaging clothing to include the hang tags and labels that provide information on how to take care of the fit creates a positive attitude towards the garment leading to its purchase. alike, the fiber content and the place of its manufacturer led to deciding on purchasing the item that is believably going to last the longest, require less care and look better. The companies cognise for better production of these products are cognise to be implying the best merchandise strategies that will enable them to achieve the chargeed market these strategies includePricing-the attach to uses the price systems to enable its product to reach its selling standards. Whereby various pricing methods are applied such as subvention pricing this is where the uniqueness of the company product is defined. This pricing is normally advanced and is totally utilize where there is a substantial competition of the product in the market. For the company to be able to gain the market share, it therefrom applies the penetration pricing whereby, in one case the company achieves the market share, it sum ups the price of its product. Also in situations where the companys need to promote the product in the market, then it uses the promotional method of pricing in which a consumer is asked to buy a product and the purchase is accompanied by a empty sample of the product (Hoyer).The place or the channel of dispersion, this is the activity that is employ by the companies to move their product from the production to consumption. These companies are said to have come across various channels of distribution to enable their products reach the headinged market. This path that they either use the direct or the indirect channels, that is it whitethorn be to the consumers directly or through wholesalers. They normally consider the following, in deciding on the type of the distribution channel to use. They ensure that the market discussion section the distributor is long-familiar with in which therefore the distributor is made familiar with the companys target markets. They ensure that their company policies, strategies and catch match that of the distributor.There are various types of channels the producers apply in the distribution of their products this includes wholesalers, these are said to be buying goods in masses from the company and selling them in smaller packages for resale by the retailers. They also provide storage facilities for the products. Wholesalers offer the companies a reduced physical contact cost between the producers and consumers. They also use agents who are normally used in international markets they are used to widen the international market for the goods. Retailers are also used who have a strong personal dealingship with the consumers through whom the products are receptive to the buyers, they offer credits to customers thusly promoting and trade the companies products. (Brassington).The internet is also used through which the companies have a geographically wider market and this has enabled their products to reach a wider audience. The other element used by the companies is promotion. This is the marketing communication that is used by getting the products into the market and energy the consumers to the point of purchasing the products. The following is practiced Personal selling, this is a way of maintaining personal customer relations in which the sales person acts on behalf of the companies. These sales people are trained and have the personal selling techniques.Advertising is largely used to create aware(predicate)ness of the products by the consumers so that the companies ma y gain responses from their target markets. There are many advertising mediums including, yarn-dye (newspapers, journals and posters.) and electronic(television, internet and radio). Mediums of communication the companies use to create sentiency of the products by buyers. Public notifications are also applied by these companies, which has led to a sustained and plotted effort in establishing and bringing understanding between the companies and its consumers.Lastly, they use the exhibitions to make new contacts and renewing the old contacts, this is used to increase the awareness of the products to the consumers thus giving the companies an opportunity to meet both the trade and consumers (Kotler).The other customers will not be able to have the same opinions since marketing opportunities increase when customer groups with varying needs and wants are recognized. Markets can be divide or targeted on a variety of factors including age, gender, location, geographic factors, demograp hic characteristics, and family life cycle, desire for relaxation or time pressures. Segments or target markets should be accessible to the business and large enough to provide a unanimous customer base. Therefore, a business must analyze the needs and wants of different market segments before determining its niche.ReferencesBaker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, third edn Macmillan Business, London.Blythe, J. (2001) Essentials of Marketing, second edn Prentice Hall, new-fashioned York,Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2000) Principles of Marketing, second Edn Prentice Hall, Harlow, freshly YorkHoyer, W.D. and MacInnis, D.J. (2001) Consumer Behavior, second Edn Houghton Mifflin Company, New YorkKotler, P. Armstrong, G. Saunders, J. and Wong, V. (1999) Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn Prentice Hall, New JerseyDecision Making in Product PurchasingDecision making in consumer purchasing is defined as the psychological process of selecting a particular course of action amo ng other alternatives, this is said to be the simplest process that a consumer needs to apply before purchasing a particular product. But for one to be able to do this, he must first of all go through various stages that will enable him be aware of the product and how to obtain it. These transactions are useful especially in determining the purchasing behavior of a consumer. The stages involved in this process areAwareness this is a stage where a consumer must be aware of the existence of a particular product in the market, this is because, if a buyer is not aware of the product then there will be no action taken on the purchasing process. The second stage is interest, meaning, the consumer must be interested in the product he intends to buy, therefore he is persuaded by the content of the message that the product is relevant to his needs. This is then followed by understanding whereby, the consumer should be able to know how the particular product will meet his needs. 1 The next st age is attitude under this the consumer must be able to develop a positive feeling towards the product depending on the persuasive message given about the product by the producers.Then the final stage is the purchase which is the buying decision made by the consumer, this may take some time later after arduous to get the shop that stocks the favorite. Though there are many goods to convey in the market the following factors, made me have the knowledge about the listed products that I had to purchase so that they meet my needs, getting more information about the product this was done by visiting different stores ,discussing with friends, relatives, reading, listening and watching advertisements on media and also most information about the products was ground on the Internet through which various comparisons were made by considering the advantages and the disadvantages of the products, the availability of the product in the market and the resources available and how the good will m eet my needs. The evaluation of the products quality, durability and usefulness among others was carried out. The following factors enabled to come up with a decision in purchasing the listed products.Need The decision of the purchase of the official dress came as a result of the need whereby it was recommended that to attend the meeting one had to put on a particular kind of the clothing. The purchase of the perfume was due to the need to have a good fragrance after shower, before leaving the house so that it can bring freshness throughout the day avoiding the odor that come as result of hard work throughout the day. 2The need for a good toothbrush, tooth paste and the mouth wash was to maintain the good health of the mouth including the teeth, gums, and tongue and maintaining a fresh breath throughout the day.Also the need for communicating with colleagues and other members of the family or friends who are said to be far led to the purchase a mobile phone that would ease the commu nication thus enabling the sharing of information among the society members. The need for a television set was to be entertained and to be informed on what is happening globally and also through television we get to be educated more on particular areas of our social lives so this led to the purchase of the good. The need to keep my self health by avoiding the headache cases during the day so for preventive measures the medicine was bought.Motives These are personal forces that make an individual to engage in various purchasing activities which will therefore carry out his needs. Since actions are normally effected by motives, the following motives brought the need to buy these particular products. Love, safety, self actualization and esteem were the basic factors that contributed to this purchase of the listed products.Knowledge Under this, the ability of one to learn is applied, whereby a persons behavior is changed through the information given to the product purchased and in thi s case my knowledge of operating the mobile phone and the television set led me to decide on the buying of these product knowing that there will be no passing play or damage caused while operating them. Therefore the knowledge on the product to be bought must also be considered as a leading factor in a consumers purchasing behavior.Attitude These are defined as the feelings towards a product this can be a negative feeling or a positive feeling this is normally learnt through practice and communications with other people in the society, through interaction with different people and friends among them my family members, a positive attitude against these products was developed whereby the decision to all the listed products. 3Personality This is the characteristics that make an individual unique this normally derives from inheritance and his personal experience. Such characters include Self confidence, friendliness, ambitiousness, and aggressiveness in different aspects ofLifestyle th is defined as a change towards an individuals independence that leads to a preference for a particular type of life. For instance the buying of products such as a particular model of a mobile phone was decided upon the type of mobile phones that a particular class of people in the country posses and also the preferred type of perform that is normally used by the particular class of people.Culture and Sub-Culture These are values, and attitudes accepted by the family members and the society at large these factors determine what product is tolerable within the family. This is normally used to determine what people wear, eat, and travel.Packaging of the clothing that included the hang tags, labels that provided information on the instructions on how to take care of the garment created the a positive attitude towards the garment leading to its purchase also the fibre content and the place of its manufacturer led to deciding on purchasing the good.These companies are known for the better production of these products are known to be implying the best marketing strategies that will enable them to achieve the targeted market these strategies includePricing-the company uses the pricing methods to enable its product reach its marketing standards. Whereby various pricing methods are applied such as Premium pricing this is where the uniqueness of the company product is defined. This pricing is normally high and is totally used where there is a substantial competition of the product in the market. For the company to be able to gain the market share, it therefore applies the penetration pricing whereby, once the company achieves the market share, it increases the price of its product. Also in situations where the companys need to promote the product in the market, then it uses the promotional method of pricing in which a consumer is asked to buy a product and the purchase is accompanied by a free sample of the product. 4The place or the channel of distribution, this is the activity that is used by the companies to move their product from the production to consumption. These companies are said to have come across various channels of distribution to enable their products reach the targeted market. This means that they either use the direct or the indirect channels, that is it may be to the consumers directly or through wholesalers. They normally consider the following, for them to decide on the type of the distribution channel to use they ensure that the market segment that the distributor is familiar with in which therefore the distributor is made to be familiar the companys target markets. They ensure that their company policies, strategies and image match with that of the distributor.There are various types of channels that the producers apply in the distribution of their products this include wholesalers, these are said to be buying goods in bulk from the company and selling them in smaller packages for resale by the retailers, they also provide sto rage facilities for the products, wholesalers offer the companies a reduced physical contact cost between the producers and its consumers. They also use agents who are normally used in international markets they are used to widen the international market for the goods. Retailers are also used who have a strong personal alliance with the consumers through whom the products are exposed to the buyers, they offer credits to customers thus promoting and merchandising the companies products. 5The internet is also used through which the companies have a geographically wider market and this has enabled their products to reach a wider audience. The other element used by the companies is promotion, this is the marketing communication that is used by get the products in the market, pushing the consumers to the point of purchasing the products, the following is practiced Personal selling, this is a way of maintaining personal customer relations in which the sales person act on behalf of the co mpanies, these sales people are trained and have the personal selling techniques.Advertising is largely used to create awareness of the products to the consumers so that the companies may gain responses from their target markets, under this there many advertising mediums including, print (newspapers, journals and posters.) and electronic(television, internet and radio) mediums of communication the companies choose to create awareness of the products to buyers. Public Relation is also applied in these companies, which has led to a sustained and a planned effort in establishing and bringing understanding between the companies and its consumers.Lastly, they use the exhibitions to make new contacts and renewing the old contacts, this is used to increase the awareness of the products to the consumers thus giving the companies an opportunity to meet both the trade and consumers. 6The other customers will not be able to have the same opinions since marketing opportunities increase when cus tomer groups with varying needs and wants are recognized. Markets can be segmented or targeted on a variety of factors including age, gender, location, geographic factors, demographic characteristics, and family life cycle, desire for relaxation or time pressures. Segments or target markets should be accessible to the business and large enough to provide a solid customer base. Therefore, a business must analyze the needs and wants of different market segments before determining its niche.ReferencesBaker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, tertiary edn Macmillan Business, London.Blythe, J. (2001) Essentials of Marketing, 2nd edn Prentice Hall, New York,Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2000) Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn Prentice Hall, Harlow, New YorkHoyer, W.D. and MacInnis, D.J. (2001) Consumer Behavior, 2nd Edn Houghton Mifflin Company, New YorkKotler, P. Armstrong, G. Saunders, J. and Wong, V. (1999) Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn Prentice Hall, New Jersey1 Baker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, 3rd edn London. Macmillan Business2 Baker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, 3rd edn Macmillan Business, London.3 Hoyer, W.D. and MacInnis, D.J. (2001) Consumer Behavior, 2nd Edn Houghton Mifflin Company, New York4 Hoyer, W.D. and MacInnis, D.J. (2001) Consumer Behavior, 2nd Edn Houghton Mifflin Company, New York5 Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2000) Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn Prentice Hall, Harlow, New York6 Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. Saunders, J. and Wong, V. (1999) Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn Prentice Hall, New Jersey