Discovery to Debacle Essay Example

Discovery to Debacle Essay Introduction: The outgrowth of the monoclonal antibodies as regulative T cell activators raised a great ardor among research workers to develop them as potent go-betweens for immunotherapy. Although many of these monoclonal antibodies have been marketed for the intervention of assorted diseases [ 1 ] ( Bhogal, 2007 ) , some of them were unable to make this finish due to their discontinuance in the clinical phases. One such model theoretical account is TGN1412. TGN1412 is an IgG4 type of monoclonal antibody which acts as superagonist for CD28, a co-stimulatory receptor required for T-cell activation. Since TGN1412 activates the T cell without anterior activation of the T cell antigen ( TCR ) receptor it was designated as a superagonist [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) . However, the vision of using TGN1412 as an anti-inflammatory agent was crashed when it failed in the first measure of the clinical surveies. The stage 1 clinical test of this promising drug emerged to be a catastrophe taking to dangerous effects in the voluntaries. This reappraisal focuses on the find, presymptomatic development and ethical concerns related to the drug and the possible mistakes made during the period from its find to the ruin. All the above factors had a cascading consequence and contributed greatly to the drug s failure. This fiasco of TGN1412 demands the important change in the current drug testing form for the advancement of the hereafter development of drugs. Development: -To promote the activation of immunosuppressive regulative T-cells, TeGenero, a German Pharmaceutical company developed TGN1412, a wholly humanized monoclonal antibody by protein technology of the non-human species generated antibody ( mice antibody ) to obtain belongingss specific to worlds. Protein technology involved the transportation of the complementary determining parts of a mouse anti-human CD28 ( 5.11.A1 ) antibody into human antibody concatenation proteins derived from Chinese hamster ovary ( CHO ) cells [ 1 ] ( Bhogal, 2007 ) . Autoreactive T-cells doing redness and autoimmunity against certain cells and organic structure tissues are kept in changeless cheque by regulative T cells. Normal T cell activation requires both the T cell receptor and CD28, a receptor protein on surface of T cells for its proliferation and activation [ 3 ] ( Vitetta, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to surveies conducted by TeGenero, TGN1412 can trip the T cells of all specificities and release c ytokines by aiming an antigenic determinant of CD28, a extremely conserved part of CD cringle which is exposed on the extracellular surface of T-cell membranes, therefore short-circuiting the demand to T cell receptor specificity. With this hope of stamp downing the immune system by activation of regulative T cells, TGN1412 was developed as a fresh therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In Rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune disease, TGN1412 reduced the degrees of inflammatory go-betweens by activation of the T-cells. B-CLL, most common type of chronic leukaemia is associated with a high white blood cell count and slow accretion of a peculiar type of B-cell. TGN1412 is effectual in intervention of B-CLL by non merely triping and exciting the growing of lymph cells but besides heightening the antigen showing ability of B-cells associated with the B-CLL. [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) We will write a custom essay sample on Discovery to Debacle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discovery to Debacle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discovery to Debacle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After complete development, pre-clinical and carnal testing, TeGenero decided to continue with first in human clinical test to measure the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of TGN1412 and supervise its immunogenicity and effects on T cells, B cells and on cytokine degrees in blood serum. For this intent TeGenero recruited Parexel, a separate clinical test unit. The test protocol submitted by Parexel was authorized by Medical wellness regulative bureau ( MHRA ) on 27th January 2006 approved by Medical Ethics commission on 14th February 2006. [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) Phase 1 Clinical test failure: Harmonizing to the test protocol designed, on 13 March 2006, the first group of 6 voluntaries received a dosage of 0.1mg/kg on and was scheduled to have farther escalating doses over three-week period. However, the test turned ruinous and had to be suspended when these voluntaries developed cytokine release syndrome with an unmanageable addition in tissue cytokine concentrations finally taking to multiple organ failure. [ 4 ] ( Schraven, 2008 ) Preclinical: The probe conducted by MHRA and the European governments after the clinical test stated that there were no mistakes in fabrication, preparation and no marks of taint in the batch TGN1412 administered to the voluntaries [ 4 ] ( Schraven,2008 ) . With the purpose of forestalling such fatal events in future, the expert groups were recruited by Secretary of the province for wellness to look into the mistakes taking to failure of the test. The presymptomatic surveies with regard to the species choice, invitro and exvivo testing, appropriate dose choice and carnal surveies were points subjected to re-examination. In-vitro testing: Sing the species choice, non human Primatess are most frequently considered for the presymptomatic testing due to their close familial and pharmacological similarity to worlds. In instance of TGN1412, Rhesus macaques and the cynomolgus monkeys were used as the theoretical account for surveies on the footing that the 6 amino acid epitope on the C D loop of CD28 to which the drug appears to adhere is wholly similar and conserved in both the macaques and the worlds. [ 5 ] ( Stebbings, 2009 ) After careful designing of the TGN1412 based on the conserved sequence of the non-human Primatess, it could place the recombinant human cells showing CD28 with high adhering affinity. Specificity of TGN1412 for CD28 was confirmed with adhering surveies on the human cells showing CD-28, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 ( CTLA-4 ) and the inducible co-stimulator ( ICOS ) , in which TGN1412 did non expose cross-reactivity with the CTLA-4 and ICOS with the fact that both these proteins have high grade of amino-acid sequence homology with CD28. In order to further synergize the species selectivity, adhering ability of TGN1412 in the human, Macaca mulatta and cynomolgus monkeys and gnawers and marmoset T-cells was evaluated. It was found that nanomolar concentration of TGN1412 could adhere specifically to human and Macaca mulatta and cynomolgus monkeys but non with marmoset and rodent T-Cells due to difference in the antigenic determinant of the marmoset and human CD28. In marmoset species , 2 of the amino acids out of 6 differ as compared to rat in which all 6 amino acids are different, therefore impacting the binding of the TGN1412 to CD28 of these species. All these surveies prompted the research workers to continue with the surveies on the Macaca mulatta and cynomolgus macaques. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006, 2007 ) Along with pre-dominant look in human lien, CD28 is besides expressed in the lymphatic, respiratory, connective and female generative tissues. Even though being cognizant of this fact, the cross-reactivity surveies in cynomolgus monkeys were performed with limited tissues non accounting for complete tissue distribution of TGN1412. In add-on to this, cross-reactivity was observed with the respiratory CD28 which was unexplained in the redirect examination of presymptomatic trials since respiratory disfunction was observed in the voluntaries who participated in the test. [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) . Thus it was suggested that executing such surveies with wider assortment of tissues would greatly assist in the hereafter development of immunobiologics. In add-on to binding and the cross responsiveness surveies, invitro trials with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) were performed for foretelling the invivo specificity and the species sensitiveness for TGN1412 [ 5 ] ( Stebbings, 2009 ) . Since most maps of the antibodies are mediated by adhering of their Fc part to Fc receptor incorporating cells [ 4 ] ( Schraven,2008 ) , in-vitro trials finding specificity, with Fc immobilized TGN1412, which mimicked the Fc binding were performed in cynomolgus monkeys and adult male, due to high grade of similarity in their sequence homology of the Fc receptor. It displayed that TGN1412 could arouse the response merely when it was immobilized onto a surface, or coupled via immobilized Fc-specific antibody. In contrast to the above consequences, immobilisation of TGN1412 in the cynomolgus monkeys did non demo its action as a superagonist [ 5 ] ( Stebbings, 2009 ) . Alternatively it acts as conventional CD28 agonist necessitating T-cel l receptor and CD28 activation for T cell stimulation and above all that it did non trip the cytokine production as seen in the voluntaries in the clinical tests [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) . All these consequences indicated hapless species choice for the presymptomatic trials. Animal Trials: Pharmacokinetic and toxicological issues have been taken into consideration in correspondence with carnal surveies. Pharmacokinetic appraisals made during the comparative survey of the TGN1412 with its variant TGN1112 in Macaca mulatta macaques, indicated that after their IV disposal, both the drugs were present in the blood serum for 20 yearss, with the peak concentration of the T-cells and no indicant of the increased cytokine degrees. Due to the overestimate of these effects in invitro surveies, 28 twenty-four hours surveies were performed in the cynomolgus monkeys. The half life of TGN1412 in these surveies was found to be 8 yearss with ascertained addition in the expansion of the lymph nodes and enlargement of the CD4+ T-cells. Furthermore, 50mg/kg was set as the no-observed-adverse consequence degree ( NOAEL ) even though these surveies indicated 5mg/kg as an optimum dosage for TGN1412. With respects to the 28 twenty-four hours toxicologic surveies conducted in the cynomolgus monkeys, there was no indicant of the drug related toxicity and half life was similar to the pharmacokinetic trials. All the above consequences supported TeGenero in continuing with the clinical tests in homo for proving the safety and efficaciousness of the drug. [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) Methodological and Ethical concerns: -The calamity of the TGN1412 alerted the field of immunotherapeutics, to non merely meticulously study presymptomatic trials but besides safeguard the ethical regulations associated with each procedure in drug development. Sing the methodological concern, the disposal of appropriate dosage is really important. The dosage of 50mg/kg of TGN1412 for the disposal into the voluntaries was selected on footing of no-observed-adverse consequence degree ( NOAEL ) which was a high dosage [ 5 ] ( Stebbings, 2009 ) . However, the dosage selected should be of optimum concentration, optimum signifies that it should be low plenty to protect the safety of the voluntaries and high plenty to arouse the response for which it is tested. Thus the choice of the dosage should be based on use of all relevant information known about the drug including the freshness, species specificity and mark distribution, in vivo dose response curve and receptor tenancy with regard to concentration. From the invivo dose response curve obtained from the surveies on the Human PBMC, bell shaped dose response curve was obtained with optimal responses between 2-10ug/ml. These consequences stated that the dosage should be selected from the scope of doses falling within this curve and implied the usage of MABEL ( minimal anticipated biological consequence degree ) attack for choosing the safe and optimum dosage for the tests [ 5 ] ( Stebbings, 2009 ) . Second, the design of TGN1412 test required the disposal of the drug to six voluntaries within short clip continuance of two proceedingss. Since monoclonal antibodies have fresh mechanism of action, disposal into fewer voluntaries with sufficient clip intervals is recommended. A better method would be detecting the consequence of such drug in one voluntary before continuing with the test. A good pattern of documenting the medical history of voluntary was non followed in the instance of TGN1412 by the test carry oning grou p, Parexel. [ 6 ] ( Ferguson, 2009 ) Sing the ethical issues, each test performed must be in concurrency with the Helsinki s declarations to safeguard the rights and safety of each take parting voluntary. Conversely all take parting groups including the voluntaries and the research groups must follow the ethical guidelines. The inside informations of the approved survey by the Ethics commission must be given to the voluntaries. Consent signifier must be short, concise and comprehensive and each voluntary should be given adequate clip to analyze and do determination sing take parting in the test. In instance of any inauspicious events, the test groups must describe it instantly to the moralss commission to avoid put on the lining the life of participants. In instance of TGN1412 each voluntary was given a big amount of money as compared to other stage 1 tests. In add-on, the clip given to analyze the long consent signifier was limited [ 6 ] ( Ferguson, 2009 ) . Therefore, attention should be taken that none of the regulat ions are breached under any fortunes. The chief aim of the investigational survey on failure of TGN1412 was to better the drug development procedure and cut down its clinical failure. However, even after this catastrophe in 2006, many of the late developed drugs have undergone failure. Taranabant ( MK-0364 ) was developed by Merck A ; Co. for intervention of fleshiness, which is frequently associated with increased hazard of developing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and malignant neoplastic disease [ 8 ] . Taranabant is a fresh reverse agonist of cannabinoid-1 receptors ( CB1R ) , which are of import in ordinance of organic structure weight, energy usage and lipid and glucose metamorphosis [ 9 ] ( Pacher, 2009 ) . The thought of cannabinoid exciting appetency was based on utmost hungriness experienced by hemp tobacco users [ 8 ] . This observation led to the birth of Taranabant which stimulates weight loss by adhering to cannabinoid receptors and forestalling their activation. The presymptomatic surveies indicated th at acute disposal of Taranabant inhibited the food-intake and weight addition in dose dependent form, therefore taking to weight loss and lessening in organic structure fats which were non observed in smasher mice deficient in the CB1R cistron. Based on these surveies it was found that merely 30-40 % CB1 receptor tenancy was required to advance weight loss. These consequences from presymptomatic surveies inspired the research workers to continue with clinical tests. The first clinical survey was carried out in 24 healthy voluntaries as random, double-blind and placebo controlled test. This survey was successful as it displayed additive and dose dependent addition in AUC0 and Cmax values, long half life of 38 to 69 hours and mild inauspicious events [ 10 ] ( Addy, 2008 ) . Phase II test carried out for 12 hebdomads in 533 patients confirmed that effectivity of Taranabant in bring oning weight loss as compared to the placebo. Phase III test was initiated in 2400 patients and was inten ded to be continued for 2 old ages. Even after 1 twelvemonth of stage III survey in March 2008, Taranabant was found effectual in cut downing dual sum of weight by dosage of 2mg of drug with combination of exercising and diet. However, in October 2008 it was withdrawn due to GI and CNS side effects associated with it. [ 8 ] ( www.drugdevelopment-technology.com ) . Gastrointestinal side effects associated were chiefly sickness, purging concern, drowsiness abdominal uncomfortableness, and increased intestine motion. Other drug associated symptoms observed were mood alteration, fatigue and increased sudating [ 9 ] ( Addy, 2008 ) . Happening of all these inauspicious events compels the research workers to retreat a specific drug from the clinical test. Many other drugs which appeared to be innovators in development of assorted diseases have faced the failure during their clinical testing continuance either due to their toxic effects in worlds or due to unsatisfactory degree of consequence for intervention of the disease. Flurizan ( tarenflurbil ) , developed by Myriad Pharmaceuticals was intended for the intervention of Alzheimer s disease by selective take downing the Amyloid degrees. However, it was withdrawn from Phase III clinical test since it was found to be unproductive in bettering the cognitive signals and everyday activities in Alzheimer s disease patients. [ 11 ] ( www.drugdevelopment-technology.com ) Decision: Since monoclonal antibodies have evolved to be one of the promising drugs in intervention of countless diseases owing to their novel mechanism, a argus-eyed reappraisal of the presymptomatic surveies before their disposal into worlds is critical. The presymptomatic surveies of the antibody based drugs should be performed in Primatess possessing wholly matched antigenic site with that in worlds. Apart from the detailed the analysis of the presymptomatic consequences and appropriate species choice, it is important to guarantee that these methods are validated. Standardization of these methods will assist in more accurate extrapolation of the similar effects in worlds and prevent such tragic events in future. Besides elaborate analysis of the comparative measurings of the binding affinities should be done for both human antigen and archpriest antigen, to command the unforeseen structural fluctuations of the proteins. If all these stairss were followed in instance of TGN1412, the awful event might hold been predicted and life of the voluntaries would non hold been on the hazard. A valuable lesson was learnt in the field of research that even a little faux pas in any portion of drug development might take to a large blooper and therefore careful hazard analysis and examination of each measure in the drug development in hereafter will greatly heighten the field of drug find, development and cut down the failure of possible drugs. Mentions: [ 1 ] N.Bhogal and R. Combes, Toxicology in Vitro Vol 21:1227-1232, 2007 [ 2 ] N.Bhogal et.al, ATLA 34,225-239, 2006 [ 3 ] E. Vitetta et.al, Perspective Immunology, Vol 313: 308-309, July 2006 [ 4 ] B. Schraven et.al, Immunity Vol 28:591-595, May 2008 [ 5 ] R. Stebbings et. Al, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol 20: 673-677, 2009 [ 6 ] P.R. Ferguson, The SciTech Lawyer, Vol 5 ( 4 ) , 2009 [ 7 ] MJH Kenter and A F Cohen, Lancet, Vol 368:1387-1391, October 2006 [ 8 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugdevelopment-technology.com/projects/taranabant/ [ 9 ] Pacher et. al. , Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis A ; Vascular Biology, Vol 29 ( 1 ) :7-9, Jan 2009 [ 10 ] C. Addy, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol 48: 418-427, 2008 [ 11 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugdevelopment-technology.com/projects/flurizan/

Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe

Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe The lesser-known European cities which are worth tourist attention Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Florence, Berlin†¦All these famous cities have become the visiting cards of Europe. However, there are many other European cities which deserve our attention as well. They have a lot of interesting things to offer. These underrated cities are full of hidden cultural and historic treasures. So, it is high time to explore them.   The charming, cobblestone city of Maastricht This Dutch city will definitely impress you with its French and Belgian twists in the architecture, Roman and Spanish ruins, and sophisticated drink and food. It is considered to be one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands. Maastricht is a lively and energetic place with beautiful historic streets and a distinct international spirit. The biggest attractions of Maastricht are the underground tours to the casemates. It would be very interesting to walk through the tunnels and listen to the stories about the life underground. You can also enjoy the stunning Limburg landscapes during a boat ride over the river Meuse. Don`t forget to visit the annual European Fine Art Fair and enjoy the artworks of contemporary and modern artists. The ancient, Arabic-inspired city of Cadiz The Andalusian city of Cadiz is almost entirely surrounded by water. It has no shortage of breathtaking views and tourist attractions. White houses, open plazas, cobblestone streets, wonderful beaches and seafood, and charming old center – all these things will definitely impress every visitor of Cadiz. This city is well known for its fabulous seafood and fish. At El Faro restaurant you can enjoy some delicious local dishes. Don`t forget to take an excursion to Castillo San Sebastian, which is a magnificent historic fortress, linked to the sea by a tidal causeway. Hamburg – a Germany`s Gateway to the World Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, the biggest port, and the centre of international trade. It is one of Germany`s wealthiest cities. There are a lot of attractions in Hamburg which are really worth your attention. There is always something to marvel at the Fish Market, HafenCity, and Port of Hamburg. You can visit the century-old Speicherstadt, which is the world-largest contiguous warehouse complex. Elbphilarmonie in HafenCity is a new cultural and urban landmark of Hamburg. It is one of the ten best concert halls in the world, where you can enjoy the classical music culture, music of the 21st century and sophisticated light music. The Portugal city of Porto will become your love at first sight Its higgledy-piggledy medieval centre, charismatic locals, divine food and wine, beautiful monuments and bridges, tiles, shopping streets, hipster bars, flowering balconies, baroque churches, and colorful cliffs will definitely leave you breathless. This city looks like it has emerged from the pages of a storybook. The River Douro on the Gaia side and the historic centre of Porto belong to the World Heritage. Don`t miss to visit Casa do Infante, by Riberia, enjoy the great beaches and cafà © terraces at the mouth of the river Douro, explore Porto by night, try a francesinha, which is one of Porto`s specialties, and stroll through the Parque da Cidade, down the seafront. Perugia – the picturesque Umbrian city with rich history Perugia is a substantial town city with good transport links and a number of historical attractions. It is a medieval, hilltop city that rises above the lush vineyard and hills. It is a major center of medieval art and a major producer of chocolates. It is a home of the Eurochocolate Festival and Umbria Jazz Festival. The Saint Peter`s Basilica is one of the most significant and symbolic landmarks of the city. Fontana Maggiore is the main symbol of Perugia. It is a perfect holiday destination with the beauty of the architecture and active leisure active ideas. The charming city of Aarhus has plenty to offer Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark, which is full of opportunities for tourists. It is surrounded by beautiful nature. Here you will find wonderful areas for running, walking, and biking. It has several attractions that are renowned internationally. Den Gamle By, ARoS Aarhus Art Museum, Musikhuset Aarhus, Moesgaard Museum, and Tropical Houses at the Botanical Garden are the absolute best attractions in Aarhus. You should definitely visit this city if you are interested in art and architecture.

Political Science - Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Science - Global Warming - Essay Example The most prevalent of these gases is carbon dioxide. There has always been a natural layer of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere, but the present augmentation is widely held to be the result of human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and environmental alterations, especially deforestation. The burning of fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas – is mainly done in industrial processes, in energy production, and also in transport. Because fossil fuel consumption is much greater in industrialized and more economically developed countries, North America, Europe and Asia are responsible for over 90% of global fossil fuel output. Deforestation, meanwhile, is most serious in South America, and especially in the Amazon basis. Furthermore, if current trends continue, fossil fuel consumption will continue to increase, especially as countries with large populations, such as India and China with a combined population of over 2 billion, rapidly indust rialize. All of this is causing the temperature of the Earth to increase at a much faster rate than is usual, and perhaps at a rate faster than it has been for thousands of years. The increasing blanket of greenhouse gases traps heat from solar radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere, and as the temperature within becomes higher, water stored as ice in glaciers or the ice caps is melting, causing sea levels to rise.

Health and Safety Strand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Health and Safety Strand - Essay Example However, they may not know the immediate cause. It is indicated that most of them may not actually know that the vibration exposure may be the main cause. Hands to arm vibration on the other hand occur when individuals hold vibrating machines. However, such vibrations are not of high magnitude compared to that causing whole body vibration. Nevertheless, it has effects on the body especially when it is uncontrolled. It may cause loss of decreased grip and hand sensation. It has also been said to cause carpel tunnel syndrome. This happens when pressure on the median nerve causes numbness and weakness on fingers and hands. Apart from the above mild health problems, research conducted in the Europe and Australia have indicated presence of some of the fatal ailments. Both studies agree that mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases and occupational cancer as some of the most likely health problems. With lack of legal measures controlling the exposure to vibrations, it has become difficult to control these effects. However, many critics agree it is almost impossible to prevent machines from vibrating. It will therefore be difficult to protect employees from these harmful exposures. However, the researchers have indicated job rotation and reduced duration of exposure as some of the ways to mitigate this effect. (i) Describe the nature of occupational vibration exposure and the health effects of exposure to vibration; provide researched examples of affected workers or groups of workers Literature review Vibration exposures as indicted above should not be taken for granted. Majority of employees are not aware of the health effects of exposure to vibrations (Seidel 2000, p.26). Through they may experience complications from time to time; they might note relate them to vibrations. There are several studies, which have been carried out in a view to study the relationship between vibration exposure and health effects (VIBRISKS 2007, p.89). Most of those studies agree on one issues; that exposure to constant and persistent vibrations can result in fatal ailments. In 2008, the Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC) decided to find out how its workers were being affected in terms of health due to vibration exposures. The council decided to carry out a survey with the help of National Hazard Exposure Worker Surveillance (NHEWS) team. The main target subjects were workers in the farming, fishing, transport, industrial and the shipping sectors. These are the main occupations where individuals are more likely to be exposed to some kind of vibration (Macias 2007, p.90). The main reason for conducting the study was to find out whether the increased number of diseases such as occupational cancer and cardiovascular was in any way linked to the continued exposure (Paoli 2001, p.57). A sample of about 4,500 workers from the sectors indicated above was selected for the study. The researchers used the random sampling method to ensure that all subjects wer e given equal chance to participate in the study. Telephone calls were made randomly to the employees where they were asked questions about their occupation and how long they had worked. Secondly, the researcher wanted to know whether individuals understood the effects of vibrations on their health. Thirdly, subjects were asked to state some of the ailments they had been diagnosed with in the recent past. The research findings found that all the subjects were involved in one form of

Social Marketing Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Marketing 2 - Assignment Example There is need to sensitise the population about the need to seek professional medical services and also avail the services to the people (Lee & Kotler 2011). The campaign will be targeting various stakeholders who can be involved in delivering the communication and the services within the programme. The campaign will be seeking to sensitise the aboriginals on the need for seeking professional medical assistance when faced with health complications (Neiger et al. 2003). This campaign’s objective will be achieved through ensuring the active participation of the various groups of people being targeted by the campaign. The targets will include the following The fundamental focus of the campaign will be on the change of behaviour among the aboriginals to begin using healthcare facilities rather than relying on their traditional medicine in the treatment of various ailments. A change in the behaviour will be initiated by the campaigns which will be sensitising the people on the importance of visiting healthcare facilities (Lefebvre 2011). The campaign will be aimed at educating the people on the importance of depending on the professional healthcare services offered at institutions. The target groups will be informed through the media and direct communication delivered through social organisations providing other services to the community. The application of these methods will ensure that the target populations are reached by the campaign message in order to achieve the objectives of the campaign. Freedom from diseases will be the name of the campaign which will be undertaken in seeking to achieve the objectives that have been defined within the plan. This name of the campaign will be communicating the target for the whole campaign as well as the benefits which people will be getting from the product. Active involvement will be leading people

The role of family power structure

The role of family power structure Family Power structure plays a critical role in family health functioning. Power has been defined as the ability to control, influence or change another persons behavior (Friedman, 1998). Power is related to resources. Control over resources (eg. money) infers power. In most families, parents control these resources. There are three types of family power namely chaotic power, symmetrical power and complementary power (Hanson, 2001). The power structure in my family is complementary power. It is defined as requiring dominion-submission dynamic within the family structure. In this family-power type, healthy families are characterized by parents having a clear family advantage that their children recognize and accept. Although my father brings home the bacon every month, power is mainly shared between my parents. The decision-making in my family is highly dependent on my parents. Although my sister and I are involved in the decision-making, my parents are mainly responsible for making all sorts of decisions in the family from purchasing household furniture to deciding on a holiday destination to the meals we have together. Family power structure is not fixed. As I turned 18 this year, my parents recognize me as an adult and would listen to more to what I have to say and how I feel. My parents are not as power-dominant as they were 10 years ago. 1.2 Subsystems All families develop networks of co-existing subsystems formed on the basis of gender, interest, generation or function that must be performed for the familys survival. Each member of a family may belong to several subsystems. Each subsystem can be thought of as a natural coalition between participating members. Subsystems in a family relate to one another according to rules and patterns. There are three types of subsystems in my family namely spousal, parental and sibling subsystems. For example, the spousal subsystem educates children about male-female intimacy and commitment by providing a model of marital interaction. Ways of accommodating one anothers needs, making decisions together and managing conflict etc. Another example, my parents define the boundary of a parental subsystem by telling me as the oldest child to not interfere when they are reprimanding my younger sister. Parental subsystem also includes child guidance, nurturing, limit-setting and discipline. 1.3 Boundaries Boundaries are invisible barriers that keep subsystems separate and distinct from other subsystems. They are maintained by rules that differentiate the particular subsystems tasks from those of other subsystems. Boundaries may either be rigid, diffuse or clear. Disengaged families have rigid boundaries which leads to low levels of effective communication and support among family members. Enmeshed families have diffuse boundaries which make it difficult for individuals to achieve individualization from family. Clear boundaries are more of a balance as they do not fall on either extreme ends of rigid or diffuse. Clear boundaries are firm yet flexible, permitting maximum adaptation to change. The boundary in my family is clear. For example, my parents temporarily redefine the boundaries of the parental subsystem when she tells me to be in-charge of the house when they are away from home. Many years ago, my parents would ask my aunt to come over to care for my sister and I while they are away. This shows that the parental subsystem is flexible enough to include other people temporarily. 1.4 Triangulation Triangulation is used to describe a situation in which one family member will not communicate with another family member unless a third family member is present, forcing the third family member to then be part of the triangle. In this triangulation, the third person will either be used as a messenger to carry the communication to the main party or as a substitute for the direct communication. Usually this communication is an expressed dissatisfaction with the main party. For instance, my family used to be very united until a year ago when my sister who was one of the top PSLE students in her primary school dropped out from secondary school at secondary two suddenly. She stopped attending lessons and was extremely rebellious towards my parents and me. My parents having high expectations from my sister were absolutely furious and upset when she decided to quit school. Numerous attempts to persuade her to attend school failed again and again until a point when my parents gave up convincing her. However, they still talk about my sister to me all the time, mentioning how stubborn/ignorant she is and that she would regret her decision later in life. 2. Communication patterns McLeod and Chaffee (1972) came out with a scheme to analyze family communication patterns (FCP) to examine the role of family communication. In this model, the family communication environment is characterized by the extent to which the family emphasizes on socio-orientation and concept-orientation. Socio-orientation stresses the importance of harmony in the family and avoidance of conflicts. Concept-orientation encourages children to think about and discuss political and social issues. In a highly socio-oriented family, children should not argue with parents and should not express opinions different from other family members so as to maintain social harmony. On the other hand, in a highly concept-oriented family, parents believe that children should look at both sides of issues and talk freely about these issues. Using these two dimensions, McLeod and Chaffee (1972) introduced a four-fold typology of family communication patterns as seen in Figure 1. Figure 1 High on both dimensions of socio-orientation and concept-orientation, the communication pattern in my family is consensual. Consensual families emphasize both relational harmony and free communication exchange. Every member in my family is able to express our ideas freely as long as internal harmony in the family is maintained. Since young, my parents have encouraged both my sister and I to voice out displeasures in the family openly but stresses the importance of logical reasoning behind it. Like most traditional Asian families, my family tends not to express affectionate behaviors in the form of hugging or kissing towards or saying mushy words to one another. Instead, my parents would constantly ask me questions regarding about my school life, the friends that I go out with, among many others that revolve around my daily life. I suppose these are ways of displaying affectionate behaviors in my family. There are few conflicts in my family. Nevertheless, whenever one arises, we tend to face each other openly and voice out our concerns. My father would always play the middle-man whenever I had an argument with my sister and he would always ensure both parties are treated fairly and just. 3. Family environment Based on Olson, Russell and Sprenkles (1979) Circumplex Model, the Circumplex Model assumes that the difference between functional and dysfunctional families is determined by two interrelated dimensions: cohesion and adaptability. Cohesion is defined as the degree of attachment and emotional bonding among family members. There are four various degrees to the cohesion dimension namely disengaged, separated, connected, and enmeshed. Families that are disengaged lack family bond and loyalty, and are characterized by high independence. On the other hand, families identified as enmeshed are characterized by high levels of closeness, loyalty, and/or dependency. Adaptability is the ability of the family to change power structure, roles, and relationships in order to adapt to various situational stressors. It too has four degrees namely rigid, structured, flexible, and chaotic. Families with low levels of adaptability are considered inflexible or rigid. Rigid family types are characterized by authoritarian leadership, infrequent role modification, strict negotiation, and lack of change. Families with high levels of adaptability are considered chaotic as it is changing too frequently. Chaotic family types result from a lack of leadership, dramatic role shifts, erratic negotiation, and are characterized by frequent change. Based on the Circumplex Model, my family environment is balanced. It has moderate level of both adaptability and cohesion. Power structure is not fixed and there are times when there is a temporary shift in power to adapt to various situations. For example, I am responsible for taking care of my sister when my parents are out. Another example is when an deciding on a holiday getaway, power is shared among each family members to be involved in decision making. 4. Family Rules Family rules help family members to get along better, and make family life more peaceful. Effective rules are positive statements about how family members want to look after and treat one another. I have become so accustomed with my own family rules that sometimes I do not even realize that some of my daily activities are actually in fact, family rules. Dos and donts rules regarding family members safety, manners and daily routines were set up in my family since I was young. Of course these rules are constantly changing as my sister and I grew older with more responsibility in our hands. Rules such as be home by 10pm and do not lock the doors at home are a thing of the past when I was much younger. Today, the rules are much more flexible. For instance, if I were to return home late or spend the night at a friends house, all I have to do is to call home to inform my parents. There are also fewer family rules as my sister and I are expected to be able to care for ourselves. Moreover, rules set when we were young are already deep-rooted in our daily life. 5. Family values and attitudes Family values are political and social beliefs that hold the nuclear family (parents and children) to be the essential ethical and moral unit of society. 5.1 Money From a very young age, my parents have taught me the importance of saving up money and spending them wisely. Every week, I was to slot in leftover coins in a piggy bank. Years passed by and today I still have the habit of keeping all my loose change in a piggy bank and when it became full, I would then deposit the money into the bank. My parents are prudent in spending money; they only buy what is deemed necessary and seldom splurge on luxury goods. However, there are times when my parents think that it is worthwhile to spend more money such as holding birthday celebrations or Chinese new year celebrations at home. 5.2 Religion My family is a little religious. My parents are Buddhists and they made an effort to pay their respects to the deities at temples annually. However, my sister and I do not have a religion but our parents do not force us to join a religion too. There are no altars at home and my parents do not carry religious charms either like a pendent or a talisman with them. 5.3 Education Like most parents in Singapore, my parents take education very seriously. My father stresses that education is the key to survival in Singapore and this is especially more true since Singapore has been ranked the most competitive country in the world in 2010 by Time. Although my parents view education as important, they also know that each individual has their own limitations towards studying. My parents want my sister and me to have a positive mindset towards studying but yet at the same time not to overwork ourselves. The ideal model is to strike a balance between work and recreation. 5.4 Success/failure My parents are rather reasonable and they know that success and failure are part and parcel of life. My parents view success as achieving ones goals. For instance, one of my goals in secondary school was to get into Singapore Polytechnic (SP) and I did well enough during my O levels to enroll in SP. My parents were very happy and proud of me. On the other hand, I did not get into the course of my choice so I felt disappointed because it felt like I had succeeded and failed at the same time. My parents told me that one couldnt always get what we have aimed for and as long as I have tried my best, thats all that counts. 6. What I have learnt from my parents relationship What I learnt about marriage from my parents relationship is to treat your partner as a friend. Marriage is a lifelong process full of ups and downs. My parents are both committed to overcome obstacles and being the best spouse and friend to each other. My parents are always joking around. My mother loves my fathers sense of humor and they always laugh at the silliest things. This taught me that being playful is a crucial part of marriage and nothing should be taken too seriously in a family. My parents also speak kindly of each other. My mother always told me that my father was a good father and a hardworking man. In addition, they also give each other nicknames as some term of endearment. I learnt the significance of having interests/hobbies different from your spouses too. My father and mother have different interests. My father enjoys watching detective crime television programs while my mother loves watching Korean Dramas serials. My mother would never last an episode of detective crime programs but that seems okay because they respect each others alone time as well. This also taught me that it is fine to have a degree of independence in a marriage too. 7. Attitude towards authority I have a positive attitude towards institutional authority (parents, teachers, police, and the law). I tend to respect the rules and abide by it. I held many student leader positions in schools too. Positions such as class monitor in primary school, student counselor and National Police Cadet Corp (NPCC) non-commissioned officer (NCO) in secondary school and class chairperson in my polytechnic life. This is mainly due to my strict upbringing from early childhood. My father was a very strict man. I still remember the times when my father would cane me whenever I got into trouble in primary school. Furthermore, I would have to write a reflection about my wrongful actions. I used to be very afraid of my father when I was very young. However looking back in time, I realized that my father just wanted me to grow up to be a good person and I am grateful for what my father had done to make me the person I am today. 8. Attitude towards sibling My relationship with my sister has definitely seen better days. We used to be very close and play with each other a lot. However in recent months, my sisters attitude has grown worst. She became very temperament and gets annoyed very easily. We had a lot of quarrels with each other and soon grew distant. Nowadays, we seldom speak to one another. 9. Level of differentiation from family Level of differentiation refers to the degree of ones ability to distinguish his own thoughts and emotions from that of his own family. Individuals with low level of differentiation are more probably to become reliant on others approval and acceptance. They either conform themselves to others in order to please them, or attempt to force others to conform to themselves. Thus, they are more vulnerable to stress and they struggle more to adapt to life changes. Individuals with high levels of differentiation recognize that they need others, but they rely less on others acceptance and approval. They do not only adopt the attitude of those around them but take into account their principles thoughtfully. These enable them decide significant family and social issues, and resist the feelings of the moment. Thus, despite conflict, criticism, and rejection they can stay calm and clear-headed to differentiate thinking rooted in a careful assessment of the facts from thinking clouded by emotion. Well differentiated individuals choose thoughtfully and act in the best interests of the group. I think my level of differentiation from my family is balanced. I have my own thinking and my own point of view. I am not afraid to have a different mindset from my family members. My parents also encouraged my sister and I to become more independent, to be ourselves and not conform for the sake of pleasing others. 10. Family strengths 10.1 Caring and Appreciation I think I am very fortunate to have a family who is caring and appreciative. Even if a family member makes mistakes, other members would to encourage and support one another. My parents notice and share positive qualities of each other. For example, they pay attention to another persons polite behavior or something nice he or she did or said. They notice the characteristics, skills, achievements and special qualities that make the other person unique. My father would write encouragement messages on his red packet during Chinese New Year. These messages are inspirational and reassured me that my family members do care about me. 10.2 Good Communication Furthermore, there is communication between me and my parents. We talk and share our feelings, hopes, dreams, joys, sorrows, and experiences. I would tell the daily happenings in school or with my friends just to update my parents about whats going on in my life. My parents take the time to listen and respond to what I have to say. 10.3 Openess to change There is a set of family rules in my family. These rules are ways to deal with daily life. Some of the more obvious rules consist of who does the cooking, who washes the dishes, who does the laundry or who clean the toilet. Other less obvious forms include: Who has the authority to make what decisions? How are differences of opinion handled? How are anger, affection, or other emotions expressed at home? 10.4 Working together Most of the time, my family make decisions, solve family problems, and do family work together. Everyone participates. Parents may be in charge of the decision-making at home but the childrens opinions and efforts are invited, encouraged, and appreciated. For example, whenever my parents decided to buy a new television set, they would always ask for opinions about which television is suitable for the family. It makes my sister and I involved in the shopping as well and let us know that what we say counts. I learnt that if parents allow their children to make real decisions, it enables children to grow up to be responsible adults. Children need opportunities to make decisions, to be involved in family decisions, and to observe the parents decision-making process and outcomes. Children are more motivated to carry out their responsibilities if they have some say as to what those responsibilities are and can see how these particular activities help the family. Teenagers are keener to go along on a family vacation if they help decide the destination and itinerary. 11. How has my family affected my personality? What are the weaknesses you want to improve and what are the strengths you want to maintain in yourself. Based on a study on more than 100 children conducted by psychologist Diana Baumrind, she identified four important dimensions of parenting which affects the childs personality. They are disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles and expectations of maturity and control. Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby Martin, 1983). The four parenting styles include authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, permissive parenting and uninvolved parenting. My parents parenting style suit authoritarian the most. My parents establish house rules and guidelines and expect my sister and I to follow them. However, my sister and I were also involved in the rules setting so we were able to find them realistic. This parenting style is much democratic. When children fail to meet the expectations, authoritative parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Although my father punished me whenever I broke the house rules; he would always end it off with nurturing and kind words. My parents are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. I think I grew up to be a socially responsible and cooperative person. I tend to avoid conflicts with people and adopt the make more friends than enemies mindset. I lean more towards the extrovert scale as I enjoy the company of my friends. My friends told me that I am a good-tempered person too. They dont see me get angry because I am not bothered by the slightest issues. Another strength that I have is being persistent and committed. Once I set my mind on a target or a goal. I would thrive to achieve it. My parents have been teaching me the importance of goal-setting since young. I also gain a huge sense of pride and satisfaction whenever I accomplished my goals. One weakness that I have is being perfectionist. I am very attentive to details and would not be satisfied unless I get the exact results that I wanted. Most of the time striving for perfection is tiring and time consuming. My project members would sometimes find me a pain in the neck when I was not satisfied with their research work. Another weakness I have is laziness. I think I have been too pampered from young. I seldom do household chores because my mother is a housewife and she does all the housework. Well, almost all, my father did his part too. As such I became reliant on my parents to do my own laundry, to wash my dishes etc. I have been trying to increase my contribution to my family by doing some household chores but its hard to do so especially since I have done almost no housework since young but Im not giving up easily. In summary, family relationships are one of the longest relationships we would ever have in our life. We should never take our family members for granted but should cherish them instead.

What Sort Of A King Was Duncan? :: essays research papers

We were not told an awful lot about Duncan in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. He had very few lines, and appeared on only a few occasions. Despite this, I was able to gather a fair idea of Duncan’s character, through the interpretation of messages hidden within the text.Duncan was a kind and good man. There are several segments of the play that show this; as I have demonstrated below.Duncan is an extremely trustworthy King of his fellow men. He trusts his men with his life, his children, his throne, and most highly, his kingdom. He has no other choice but to trust these men. "The service and loyalty†¦ throne and state, children and servants, Which do but what they should by doing everything Safe toward your love and honour†¦"Macbeth [I.iv.22-27]We see how he surpasses a blind eye to the people who serve him. He cannot judge them in anyway, for he thinks of them as pure and good as himself. He also thought that Macbeth is a true man to him. Later on, we see how his judgment has not served him well."†¦He was a gentleman on whom I built An absolute trust†¦" [I.iii.14-15]Duncan regards his fellow men rather highly. He often praises their work and service to himself and his kingdom:(1) "Welcome hither. I have begun to plant thee, and will labour To make thee full of growing. -Noble Banquo, That hast no less deserved, nor must be known No less to have done so, Let me infold thee, And hold thee to my heart." [I.iv.27-32](2) "My worthy Cawdor" [To Macbeth I.iv.49](3) "True, worthy Banquo; he is full so valiant, And his commendations I am fed: It is a banquet to me. Let’s after him, Whose care is gone before to bid us welcome. It is a peerless kinsman.(4) "Give me your hand; Conduct me to mine host. We love him highly, And shall continue our graces towards him†¦" [Talking about Macbeth I.iiv.28-30](5) "†¦How you shall bid God ‘ield us for your pains, And thank us for your trouble†¦" [I.vii.13-14]Duncan represents the purest of all beings.

Sanitation Facilities

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation generally involves physically closer facilities, less waiting time, and safer disposal of excreta. Poor sanitation is responsible for one of the heaviest existing disease burdens worldwide. The diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe water account for about 10% of the global burden of disease.The most common disease of poor health associated with poor sanitation is a diarrhoeal disease. Globally, about 1. 7 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, and 90% are children under 5 years of age, mostly in developing countries. 88% percent of cases of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene. In this essay I will analyse the economic benefits of sanitation, the eco nomic disadvantages, the link between a rise in GDP and the access to sanitation in regions all over the world including Asia, Africa, Europe and North America.I will do this by analysing data set curves which I have obtained from a various amount of sources such as national journals, reports and articles relating to this subject. I will be using data sets from the UNEP and carrying out multiple regressions. Finally I will be looking at the Environmental Kuznets model to see whether it applies to this relationship between economic growth and the access to sanitation.According to 2010 figures, approximately 2 billion people do not use improved sanitation facilities, two-thirds of which live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By looking at Figure 1 we can see that it is in the developed regions such as North America and parts of Europe where people have a good access to sanitation, while on the other hand it is the mostly the developing regions such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with th e poor access to sanitation. This figure already makes the relationship between economic development and access to sanitation vaguely clear.The Asian and African regions would be a good place to have a look at this relationship even more closely; this is because over the past few decades, countries in the Asian regions such as China have undergone a huge advance in economic growth while on the other hand there has been little or non-existent economic growth in the African regions. Asia is the world's fastest growing economic region. China is the largest economy in Asia and the second largest economy in the world.Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the world's longest economic booms and by looking at Figure 2 it is evident to see that over the past few decades there has been a dramatic rise in the GDP of Asia but very little in the GDP of Africa. Now by looking at Figure 3 which is a graph showing the level of improved drinking/safe water coverage, improved as in drinking-water sou rces such as piped water to the house or yard, public taps and rainwater collection. Improved sanitation facilities including flush or pour-flush toilets connected to a piped sewer system.By looking at this we can see that in Asia there has also been a dramatic rise in the access to unpolluted water which is a positive relation to the GDP. I gathered the data which is on Figures 2 and 3 onto excel and carried out a regression analysis for the Asian region to help understand to what extent the strength in the relationship between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent variable (Sanitation) which is shown on Figure 4. By looking at the R squared we can see that this model has a strong explanatory power as it is very close to 1.According to the coefficient we can also see that every time the GDP increases by $50billion, there is an increase of almost 3. 4 million people with improved access to sanitation. Poor sanitation results in an economic loss as it is linked with the co sts of treatment to sanitation related diseases and income which is lost through productivity. Furthermore poor sanitation can also lead to a loss of time and effort as a result of poor facilities, lower quality of products due to poor quality of water and of course a dramatically reduced income coming from tourism as there is a great risk of disease.According to various studies from the WHO (World Health Organisation), there has been evidence that there are huge economic costs which arise from the poor sanitation. At a global level there is a loss of around $40billion per year due to poor sanitation; looking at South Asia alone we can see that in places such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia there is a loss of around $10billion a year, the key impacts of this came about from poor health and tourism, poor sanitation can affect everyone but especially effects those who are poor(Hutton, 2007). Several studies have also been conducted to estimate the economic costs associated with poo r sanitation. In Ghana and Pakistan, for example, the indirect effect on child mortality of environmental risk has added more than 40% to the cost of directly caused child mortality. If one took into account the effect of such malnutrition, they will be able to see the huge impact on impairing school performance and delayed entry into the labour market, the cost would double to around 10% of the GDP.Improvement to sanitation can bring various types of benefits to an economy, one of which are the direct benefits of preventing or avoiding illnesses as there would be no money spent on healthcare treating patients with diseases due to sanitation. There will also be indirect benefits such as a decrease in the amount of work days absent being sick and longer life, and finally and very importantly there will be a lot of time saved. As we have seen already, sanitation is also important when it comes to economic development.In Africa many young women are dying every year as they are the ones which carry the polluted water, they are also then forced to drop out of education during puberty years in order to look after their sick children as a result of the polluted water, this means that women are not able to be educated and they can even find it difficult to join the labour supply. Every 10% raise in female literacy (due to increased attendance at school) a nation’s economy can grow by around 0.3% (Dollar et al, 1999). According to Hutton (2008) there could be an estimated that annual investments of around $27million in Tanzania and Vietnam would result in benefits of around $70million for the health sector alone. Hutton also estimated that there is a potential to save around $6billion in many parts of Asia if improved sanitation can be introduced. Overall Hutton stated that there are many costs and benefits available however the benefits still do overpower the costs.Moreover, the Disease Control Priorities Project recently found that hygiene promotion to prevent diarrhoea was the most cost-effective health intervention in the world at only $3. 35 per DALY loss averted, with sanitation promotion following closely behind at just $11. 15 per DALY loss averted. This is to say that economic growth and sanitation for sure have a strong relationship within one another; this can be shown on the environmental Kuznets curve.The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a relationship between income and pollution which is hypothesized to have an inverted U-shape. The idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve stems from the Kuznets' work in income equality (Kuznets, 1955). The EKC hypothesis states that as income increases pollution goes up initially but after certain time pollution eventually declines. The point at which pollution level is the highest is called a turning point. This then evidently applies to developing countries as they are the ones which have the higher levels of income.Looking at Figure 5 we can see that in Europe up to the year 2000 w ater pollution was on a rise, however sometime in the year 2000 there was a turning point where the pollution of water started to decline. According to the Kuznets curve, in the year 2000 the economies within Europe produced a certain GDP and a certain GDP per capita which led to the decline of the water pollution. According to Figure 6 in the year 2000 the turning point on the Kuznets curve was at $18000 per capita, this is the level of GDP per capita needed in the European region in order to reverse the trend of water pollution.Looking back at Figure 5 we can also see that in the North American region up till 1998 there was an increase of water pollution however sometime in 1998, just like in Europe, people’s incomes were growing and GDP per capita was on a rise. Looking at Figure 6, according to the EKC, GDP per capita in North America will be at $36000 which is where there will be a turning point. Both the EKC’s for Europe and for North America are shown on Figure 7. This analysis clearly tells us that the relationship between the two is dependable on the economic stages of development.In the other regions around the world there will not be a turning point on the EKC as people do not earn enough to have this effect, good sanitation facilities are the main way in which water pollution can decrease, more developed economies around the world have the funds to invest in good sanitation, however as we have discussed, the less developed countries do not have access to these sanitation facilities therefore their economies are heavily impacted and the funds for the technology needed to provide improved sanitation are hard to come by, therefore these countries are on the upwards slope of the EKCmeaning they have not yet achieved the GDP per capita in order to have a turning point. I have aimed to show the various ways in which sanitation is fundamental to good health and also economic development. Given the data I have analysed, I can surely state tha t the investment in improved sanitation would be beneficial to an economy. Ultimately, I can say that there is a strong relationship in economic growth and access to sanitation and I can also say that the EKC does apply to the water pollution we have in the real world. Finally I can also say that the level of the turning point also depends on the stages of economic development.

Negative Human Resource Practice: Telecommunication in Bangladesh

Letter of Transmittal March 25, 2012 Tarana Aziza Khan Lecturer (BBA Department) Northern University Bangladesh Subject: Submission of a report – â€Å"Negative HR Practice in Telecommunication Sectors of Bangladesh†. Dear Madame, Here is an assignment on – â€Å"Negative HR Practice in Telecommunication Sectors of Bangladesh†. This assignment was assigned to us for the purpose of finding the negative practices in human resource of telecommunication sectors. This report concentrates on the telecommunication sector in Bangladesh’s Perspectives.We tried to gather a collection of information to make our report specific. Through, the procedure of preparing the report we developed a clear understanding of total scenario of the negative practices in HR, of telecommunication sectors in Bangladesh. We tried our level best to make this report as reflective as possible. We appreciate to provide any information or classification if necessary. This assignment w as a great learning experience in present organizational environment. Each aspect is considered and studied as required and as per direction of our course instructor.We would like to thank for assigning us such a responsibility and helping us on different aspects of the assignment. Yours Sincerely, Ariful AlamBBA26090370004Section: 8A| Kamrul HasanBBA26090370025Section: 8A| | | Ariful MalekBBA26090370023Section: 8A| | | Anisha FahrinBBA26090370009Section: 8A| Shipra BhattacharjeeBBA26090370008Section: 8A| Table of contents Sl. No. | Contents| Page no. | 1. | Acknowledgement| 04| 2. | Abstract| 05| 3. | Introduction| 06| 4. | About Grameenphone| 07| 5. | About Banglalink| 08| 6. Graphical and statistical analysis (question by question)| 09-28| 7. | Review of the HR situation and recommendation| 29-30| 8. | Comments| 31| 9. | Conclusion| 32| 10. | Appendix| 33| Acknowledgement The submission of this report of â€Å"Negative HR Practice in Telecommunication Sector of Bangladesh† is a great opportunity for us. The success of this assignment depends on the contributions of number of people especially who have shared their thoughtful guidance, contribution, suggestions and experience to improve this report.This assignment has created a great deal of interest in us. We must thank a few people who help and encouraged us to grow our interest. First of all we would like to thank our honorable course instructor Tarana Aziza Khan for her proper guidance and care. Without her guidance and suggestions we couldn’t have completed this assignment properly. She has instructed us how to prepare a report correctly. Also thanks to Grameenphone and Banglalink Telecom for being patient enough to co-operate with us and completing out the surveys successfully.We obviously would like to give a special thanks to the Almighty for giving us such patience and power for completing this assignment smoothly. Lastly we can say that, we have enjoyed in preparing this assignment an d presented it for kind judgment. Abstract Purpose of this assignment is to analysis the HR situation in telecommunication companies of Bangladesh, from the Survey done with Grameenphone Ltd. , and Banglalink Telecom Ltd. We made human resource questionnaires and got Grameenphone and Banglalink employees to fill them up, and analyzed the statistic with graphs and textually.Because it’s impossible for us to survey all 3500 employees (summing up total employees of Banglalink and Grameenphone), we surveyed 33 employees from both the companies combined. Introduction Our project paper is all about â€Å"Negative Human Resource Practice in Telecommunication Sectors of Bangladesh†. For a long period, Grameenphone and Banglalink are ruling the Bangladeshi telecommunication market. Because, there was a great deal of opportunity is gradually increasing. For all the competitions upcoming there is a great negative impact on this sector.Thus, there are a lot of challenges and oppor tunities today for managers to use HR management. In our project paper we have analyzed the survey reports and statistics, and reviewed them comparatively with the negative HR practices. All the data are collected from the companies, meeting the employees face to face or over personal linkage and the primary data are collected from the interviewed survey. Our sample size is 33 individuals (both male, female entry/mid level worker and managers). We designed our questioner in a contemporary way.Almost 90% primary data has collected from the face to face interview with the respondent. Only a 10% data has been collected through the internet. Before Grameenphone’s inception, the phone was for a selected urbanized few. The cell phone was a luxury: a flouting accessory for the select elite. The mass could not contemplate mobile telephony as being part of their lives. Grameenphone started its journey with the Village Phone program: a pioneering initiative to empower rural women of Ba ngladesh. The name Grameenphone translates to â€Å"Rural phone†.Starting its operations on March 26, 1997, the Independence Day of Bangladesh, Grameenphone has come a long way. Grameenphone pioneered the then breakthrough initiative of mobile to mobile telephony and became the first and only operator to cover 98% of the country’s people with network Since its inception Grameenphone has built the largest cellular network in the country with over 13,000 base stations in more than 7000 locations. Presently, nearly 99 percent of the country's population is within the coverage area of the Grameenphone network.Grameenphone has always been a pioneer in introducing new products and services in the local market. GP was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh when it launched its services in March 1997. Grameenphone was also the first operator to introduce the pre-paid service in September 1999. It established the first 24-hour Call Center, introduced value- added services such as VMS, SMS, fax and data transmission services, international roaming service, WAP, SMS-based push-pull services, EDGE, personal ring back tone and many other products and services.The entire Grameenphone network is also EDGE/GPRS enabled, allowing access to high-speed Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage area. There are currently nearly 2. 6 million EDGE/GPRS users in the Grameenphone network. Today, Grameenphone is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh with more than 36 million subscribers as of December 2011. Orascom Telecom Bangladesh Limited (â€Å"Banglalink†) is fully owned by Orascom Telecom Holding S. A.E, Egypt, (â€Å"OTH†); the ultimate parent company of the group is Vimpelcom, the 6th largest mobile phone operator in the world. Banglalink was acquired by OTH in 2004, and after a complete overhaul and the deployment of a new GSM Network, its telecommunication services were re-launched unde r the brand name Banglalink. When Banglalink began operations in Bangladesh in February 2005, its impact was felt immediately: overnight mobile telephony became an affordable option for customers across a wide range of market segments.Banglalink’s success was based on a simple mission: â€Å"bringing mobile telephony to the masses† which was the cornerstone of its strategy. Banglalink changed the mobile phone status from luxury to a necessity and brought mobile telephone to the general people of Bangladesh and made a place in their hearts. The mobile phone has become the symbol for the positive change in Bangladesh. This positive change that is quite correctly attributed to Banglalink has become the corporate positioning of Banglalink and is translated in their slogan â€Å"making a difference† or â€Å"din bodol†. Making a difference† not only in the telecom industry, but also through its products and services, to the lives of its customers. This c orporate stance of â€Å"making a difference† has been reflected in everything Banglalink does. Banglalink attained 1 million subscribers by December 2005 and 3 million subscribers in October 2006. In less than two years which is by December 2007, Banglalink overtook Aktel to become the second largest operator in Bangladesh with more than 7. 1 million customers. Banglalink currently has 20. 05million subscribers as of April 2011, representing a market share of 27. 3%. Growth over the last years have been fuelled with innovative products and services targeting different market segments, aggressive improvement of network quality and dedicated customer care, creating an extensive distribution network across the country, and establishing a strong brand that emotionally connected customers with Banglalink. Graphical Analysis Options| Tally| Count| Stressed| IIII III| 8| Relaxed| IIII IIII III| 13| Okay| IIII IIII II| 12| Analytical Synopsis: In the question of how the employees ar e feeling, you can see most of them selected either they are relaxed or okay. 0% + 36% = 76% having the positive respond, we can infer that the work in telecommunication sector isn’t that much stressful, while about 24% of the employees are stressed on a daily basis. Options| Tally| Count| Work| IIII IIII| 10| Personal| IIII IIII| 9| Others| IIII IIII IIII| 14| Analytical Synopsis: In the question of how the employees’ stress level rises, you can see them selecting every option almost equally. However, the stress level rising from their professional life is only 30% from the sample of employees surveyed.Which leads the other 43% + 27% = 70% having the positive respond about their work, we can again infer that the work in telecommunication sector isn’t stressful to the majority. Options| Tally| Count| There is| IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII III| 33| There isn’t| | 0| Somewhat| | 0| Analytical Synopsis: In the question of if there is enough employees for ev ery work in their respective organizations, we can see that there is flawless victory in telecommunication sector for the recruitment count, having recruited enough employee for all the works they would need to be done.A hundred percent of the people that we surveyed have said they are being totally supported by their organizations by distributing their works properly among employees. Options| Tally| Count| Excellent| IIII IIII II| 12| Average| IIII IIII IIII I| 16| Flawed| III| 3| There isn’t any| II| 2| Analytical Synopsis: In the respondents’ feedbacks, majority (49%) of them having selected the communication among all the employees are average; and the 36% of them has rated the communication as excellent, while rest of the minority have rated the communication system of the organization in a negative way.Thus, we can infer from the majority having rated the communication system positively, it’s spot on. The minority probably have lack of interpersonal commun ication skills, causing them not to be able to interact or fit in with others. Options| Tally| Count| Yes| IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII III| 28| No| IIII| 5| Analytical Synopsis: In the question of how the organizations are supporting the employees with the technological support, we can see that there is dominant victory in telecommunication sector for the tech support, being based on full on digital works.About 85 percent of the people that we surveyed have said they are being totally supported technologically by their organizations. The other 15% are likely to be generally frustrated, and blaming it on the organization. Options| Tally| Count| Really high| IIII IIII I| 11| Fair| IIII IIII IIII| 14| No pressure| IIII III| 8| Analytical Synopsis: In the question of how the organizations are pressuring them to reach their monthly target or goal, majority of them have responded with the answer â€Å"Fair†, which means they are satisfied with the amount of pressure given by their res pective organization.However, having a close win over the second highest selection â€Å"Really high† rate of pressure could either be good or a bad thing. It might be good because the organizations are working to make their employee more, generating more productivity out of them. On the opposite end, another close call for â€Å"No pressure† at all is also a win-lose situation. Win, because the employees will be relaxed, and less fatigued, but at the same time, the hard working employees will get de-motivated as their better works aren’t being appraised as good as they deserve.Options| Tally| Count| Yes| IIII| 5| No| IIII IIII IIII I| 16| Unsure| IIII IIII II| 12| Analytical Synopsis: This question basically determines how much the employees know about authority’s way of thinking about the human resource policy. About 36 percent of the employees are not confident about authority’s mindset about human resource, whereas the rest 64 percent have conf idently answered the question with direct yes and no, having the majority in â€Å"yes†, we’ll take it that authority is quite confident about their HR policy being flawless.Options| Tally| Count| Fair| IIII IIII III| 13| Average| IIII IIII IIII II| 17| Flawed| III| 3| Analytical Synopsis: The majority of the employees (52 percent) have responded to it saying that they think the HR Policy is average, and another 39 percent have responded saying it is fair, both on positive account. So they’re most likely happy with the policy the way it is. The rest of the employees think the HR policy is flawed, but for their minority, it’s not a big deal. Options| Tally| Count| No, there isn’t| IIII IIII II| 12| There is| IIII I| 6|Unsure| IIII IIII IIII| 15| Analytical Synopsis: As about 46 percent of the surveyed employees have said there was no biasness in the selection process, 18 percent has confidently said that is biasness in the selection process, and res t 36 percent are unsure of it. There’s a chance for biasness if there’s more people in the critical zone (who think there’s biasness and people who are unsure), than people that are saying there isn’t any biasness. Options| Tally| Count| There is| IIII IIII IIII III| 18| There isn’t| IIII| 5| Somewhat| IIII IIII| 10|Analytical Synopsis: Majority of the surveyed people have let it be known that there’s equity among employees, as far as necessary at least. Although, 15 percent of the employees would beg to differ saying there isn’t any equity among employees. Considering minority level on the negative respondents, it’s probable that the minority could be wrong in some extent. Options| Tally| Count| Excellent| IIII IIII IIII| 14| Average| IIII IIII III| 13| Flawed| I| 1| There isn’t any| IIII| 5| Analytical Synopsis: Training is an important process for development of an employee.So we decided to ask them their opinion abou t the effectiveness of the training process that they had gone through. Majority have responded positively saying the training is Excellent (43%), or Average (39%), and about 15 percent haven’t gone through training yet, and the rest about 3 percent, they think that the training system might be flawed. Options| Tally| Count| Majorly| IIII IIII IIII| 15| Somewhat| IIII IIII| 9| Indifferent| IIII IIII| 9| Analytical Synopsis: This question basically determines how many employees are satisfied with their performance appraisal method.About half the employees of the organizations are happy with their performance appraisal method, and the other half feels the need of better improvising. Options| Tally| Count| Fair| IIII IIII IIII IIII | 20| Biased| IIII II| 7| Flawed| III| 3| Unsure| III| 3| Analytical Synopsis: Just as the selection method question, in this question we have tried to get their opinion about how good their promotion strategy is. 61 percent of them have answered posi tively, 9 percent were unsure, another 9 percent think the method is flawed and needs change, and about 21 percent thinks there’s definitely some biasness corrupting the process.So we can infer, there might actually be some biasness in the promotion strategy, which may not be too widespread though. Options| Tally| Count| Over the top| IIII II| 7| Pretty much| IIII IIII IIII| 14| Indifferent| IIII III| 8| It’s not| IIII| 4| Analytical Synopsis: This question determines the employees’ satisfaction level with their compensation, benefits and their switching tendency. According to the statistics data and results we can infer that around 43 percent of people are happy with their compensations and benefits and another 21 percent are more than happy with their compensations as they hink they’re getting treated better than any company would treat them. Out of the rest, there’s another 24 percent who feel the need to be treated better and are kind of in a c onfused state, where the last 12 percent wouldn’t miss a chance to switch to some other organization because they are really unhappy with their compensations. Options| Tally| Count| No| IIII III| 8| Reasonable| IIII IIII I| 11| Extreme| IIII I| 6| Unsure| IIII III | 8| Analytical Synopsis: The majority (34%) of respondents have said the favoritism tendency among same level employees is in a reasonable extent, while 24% have said there was no favoritism tendency.Also, another 24% is unsure about the idea of favoritism in their respective organizations, whereas 18 percent of surveyed people have said there to be an extreme level of favoritism tendency, which could just be some hoax. Options| Tally| Count| Great| IIII IIII I| 11| Average| IIII IIII III| 13| Indifferent| III| 3| Not much| IIII I| 6| Analytical Synopsis: Most of the surveyed respondents (33+40=73%) have replied in positive way saying there’s great / average opportunity to learn or grow in their organization s, whereas the other 27 percent would like to disagree saying there may not be as much opportunity out there for them.It could be that those employees are just bored at work because of having to do the same kind of work over and over again. Options| Tally| Count| Over the top| IIII | 5| Pretty much| IIII IIII IIII IIII II| 22| Indifferent| IIII | 5| It doesn’t| I| 1| Analytical Synopsis: Majority (67+15=82%) having responded in a positive way, arranges this scenario that the job is completely secured up to their expectation, even 15% among them thinks that it’s even better than their expectation. Another 15 percent of people think that their job security could be better, and are not really much impressed with their job security.Rest 3 percent responded plain negatively. Options| Tally| Count| Over the top| IIII IIII IIII I| 16| Pretty much| IIII IIII IIII| 15| It’s not| II| 2| Analytical Synopsis: From the statistic, we can tell the HR Departments of Telecommuni cation sector doesn’t hold back employees from having the chance to relax and let the stress wear off as, 49+45 = 94 percent of statistical population have responded positively, while 6 percent of the employees are probably for some reason left out, maybe for some biasness or whatsoever. Options| Tally| Count| Always| IIII IIII IIII II| 17| Sometimes| IIII IIII| 10|Rarely| IIII I| 6| Not at all| | 0| Analytical Synopsis: Since there’s 0 percent rate of â€Å"not at all† being reached out to when necessary, there is definitely a lot of support from the authority to their subordinates there, and there’s only 18% of employees have said the authority hears them out, it could possibly be for the reason of too much stuff on going for them, having to plan and implement bigger things. Majority being 52 percent, always having good communication with the authority and 30 percent only reaches them when they have issues in their hands. Options| Tally| Count|People th at added extra comments| IIII IIII I| 11| People that didn’t add extra comments| IIII IIII IIII IIII II| 22| Analytical Synopsis: As one third of the statistical population made comments, mostly positive and a few about problems and suggestions, we might infer that the one third of the population are intellectual, and the majority two third of the statistical population not saying anything to the comment, could either mean that they’re most the time dedicated to their work, or the organization’s HR Policy isn’t giving them enough freedom to speak out, for which reason they are too timid to speak out.Review of the report and recommendations From the above graphical and statistical analysis, we can get a rough picture of the human resource practices in those telecommunication related organizations. The dimensional analysis puts up the following picture up in my mind. Employees are more relaxed than stressed every day, and the source of the stress is hardly work life, which is a success for HR department. Even with that, HR department may take a lot of stress reducing procedures to help ease the stress level and keep the employees keen on their work.The organizations also have good recruitment system, gathering enough skilled recruits to cover all the work as per organizational needs. There might be a little biasness in the selection process and promotion strategy, but it isn’t as bad as in other sectors, as it’s not affecting other employees’ mindset, also because even the worst recruit is skilled there. There’s also enough technical support because the organization wants their employees not to face any kind of frustration not being supported by any way.Authority is very confident about the HR policy being decent, while most of the employees are even aware of it. There’s good employee-to-employee, employee-to-authority, authority-to-employee communication, and most of them have strong interpersonal r elationship, and even the acquaintances are friendly there, having affect on the motivation level, uprising it by a sky high level. There’s pretty much a good level on equity among the employees, there could be exception in some cases but still the rate would be very low.The organization sometimes might push the employee too much to achieve their monthly targets, but most the time the pressure level is reasonable for saying. The training process is quite good and effective but a few employees aren’t taken on any training program, whereas the employees are somewhat happy with their performance appraisal method. The compensation received is pretty much more than good for the employees, even with this highly priced lifestyle in Dhaka.Favoritism tendency is also in reasonable extent, which is not a big problem as all of them are getting the same chance to learn and grow from working in the organization. The employees are very happy with their job security also. Human Resou rce Department might be too tight on them sometimes when they’re speaking out, for that they fear to speak out about the organization most the times. I think the HR department and the organization could use some improvement to make the employee satisfaction level even higher to make the most out of them. Recruits shouldn’t be selected at all in bias conditions. * Promotion strategy needs improvising. * Hear out the employees more often. * Arrange more training for employees to make sure none’s left out. * Increase the compensation of underrated employees. * Less pressure on employees, as pressure might cause stress, which isn’t good. * Appraise performance in more ways. * Take more steps to reduce stress. * Let not the employees fear you, causing them to sit shut still. * Allow employees to speak out. I would rate the telecommunication sector as followings:HR Policy| | Recruitment Policy| | Selection Process| | Communication| | Chance to grow and lear n| | Compensation and benefit| | Job Security| | Freedom| | Support| | Overall| | Comment From the data, we can say that most of the employees are pretty much satisfied with their HR policies and they are happy to work with the organization in both Grameenphone and Banglalink. Yes, they would need some improvement, but who doesn’t? There’s always room for improvement no matter how good you are.In other words, the telecommunication sector has one of the best human resource management system comparative to other sectors of Bangladesh. Conclusion In the end, we can say that negative practice in HR in telecommunication is in very low rate, keeping their employees satisfied with adequate compensation and facilities that they expect. If this situation keeps up, we expect the best for the telecommunication business in the future. Appendix * Grameenphone Ltd. * Banglalink Telecom Ltd. * The Internet * Personal References

World War II Fighter Grumman F6F Hellcat

World War II Fighter Grumman F6F Hellcat Having begun production of their successful F4F Wildcat fighter, Grumman began work on a successor aircraft in the months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In creating the new fighter, Leroy Grumman and his chief engineers, Leon Swirbul and Bill Schwendler, sought to improve upon their previous creation by designing an aircraft which was more powerful with better performance. The result was a preliminary design for an entirely new aircraft rather than an enlarged F4F. Interested in a follow-on aircraft to the F4F, the US Navy signed a contract for a prototype on June 30, 1941. With the US entry into World War II in December 1941, Grumman began utilizing data from the F4Fs early combats against the Japanese. By assessing the Wildcats performance against the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, Grumman was able to design its new aircraft to better counter the nimble enemy fighter. To aid in this process, the company also consulted noted combat veterans such as Lieutenant Commander Butch OHare who provided insight based on his firsthand experiences in the Pacific. The initial prototype, designated XF6F-1, was intended to be powered by the Wright R-2600 Cyclone (1,700 hp), however, information from testing and the Pacific led it to be given the more powerful 2,000 hp Pratt Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp turning a three-bladed Hamilton Standard propeller. A Cyclone-powered F6F first flew on June 26, 1942, while the first Double Wasp-equipped aircraft (XF6F-3) followed on July 30. In early trials, the latter showed a 25% improvement in performance. Though somewhat similar in appearance to the F4F, the new F6F Hellcat was much larger with a low-mounted wing and higher cockpit to improve visibility. Armed with six .50 cal. M2 Browning machine guns, the aircraft was intended to be highly durable and possessed a wealth of armor to protect the pilot and vital parts of the engine as well as self-sealing fuel tanks. Other changes from the F4F included powered, retractable landing gear which had a wide stance to improve the aircrafts landing characteristics. Production and Variants Moving into production with the F6F-3 in late 1942, Grumman quickly showed that the new fighter was easy to build. Employing around 20,000 workers, Grummans plants began to produce Hellcats at a rapid rate. When Hellcat production ended in November 1945, a total of 12,275 F6Fs had been built. During the course of production, a new variant, the F6F-5, was developed with production commencing in April 1944. This possessed a more powerful R-2800-10W engine, a more streamlined cowling, and numerous other upgrades including a flat armored-glass front panel, spring-loaded control tabs, and a reinforced tail section. The aircraft was also modified for use as the F6F-3/5N night fighter. This variant carried the AN/APS-4 radar in a fairing built into the starboard wing. Pioneering naval night fighting, F6F-3Ns claimed their first victories in November 1943. With the arrival of the F6F-5 in 1944, a night fighter variant was developed from the type. Employing the same AN/APS-4 radar system as the F6F-3N, the F6F-5N also saw some changes to the aircrafts armament with some replacing the inboard .50 cal machine guns with a pair of 20 mm cannon. In addition to the night fighter variants, some F6F-5s were fitted with camera equipment to serve as reconnaissance aircraft (F6F-5P).​ Handling Versus the Zero Largely intended for defeating the A6M Zero, the F6F Hellcat proved faster at all altitudes with a slightly better climb rate over 14,000 ft, as well as was a superior diver. Though the American aircraft could roll faster at high speeds, the Zero could out-turn the Hellcat at lower speeds as well as could climb faster at lower altitudes. In combating the Zero, American pilots were advised to avoid dogfights and to utilize their superior power and high-speed performance. As with the earlier F4F, the Hellcat proved capable of sustaining a great deal more damage than its Japanese counterpart. Operational History Reaching operational readiness in February 1943, the first F6F-3s were assigned to VF-9 aboard USS Essex (CV-9). The F6F first saw combat on August 31, 1943, during an attack on Marcus Island. It scored its first kill the next day when Lieutenant (jg) Dick Loesch and Ensign A.W. Nyquist from USS Independence (CVL-22) downed a Kawanishi H8K Emily flying boat. On October 5-6, the F6F saw its first major combat during a raid on Wake Island. In the engagement, the Hellcat quickly proved superior to the Zero. Similar results were produced in November during attacks against Rabaul and in support of the invasion of Tarawa. In the latter fight, the type claimed 30 Zeros downed for the loss of one Hellcat. From late 1943 forward, the F6F saw action during every major campaign of the Pacific war. Quickly becoming the backbone of the US Navys fighter force, the F6F achieved one of its best days during the Battle of the Philippine Sea on June 19, 1944. Dubbed the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot, the battle saw US Navy fighters down massive numbers of Japanese aircraft while sustaining minimal losses. In the final months of the war, the Kawanishi N1K George proved a more formidable opponent for the F6F but it was not produced in significant enough numbers to mount a meaningful challenge to the Hellcats dominance. During the course of World War II, 305 Hellcat pilots became aces, including US Navy top scorer Captain David McCampbell (34 kills). Downing seven enemy aircraft on June 19, he added nine more on October 24. For these feats, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. During its service in World War II, the F6F Hellcat became the most successful naval fighter of all time with a total of 5,271 kills. Of these, 5,163 were scored by US Navy and US Marine Corps pilots against a loss of 270 Hellcats. This resulted in a remarkable kill ratio of 19:1. Designed as a Zero Killer, the F6F maintained a kill ratio of 13:1 against the Japanese fighter. Assisted during the war by the distinctive Chance Vought F4U Corsair, the two formed a lethal duo. With the end of the war, the Hellcat was phased out of service as the new F8F Bearcat began to arrive. Other Operators During the war, the Royal Navy received a number of Hellcats through Lend-Lease. Initially known as the Gannet Mark I, the type saw action with Fleet Air Arm squadrons in Norway, the Mediterranean, and the Pacific. During the conflict, British Hellcats downed 52 enemy aircraft. In combat over Europe, it was found to be on par with the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190. In the postwar years, the F6F remained in a number of second-line duties with the US Navy and was also flown by the French and Uruguayan navies. The latter used the aircraft up until the early 1960s. F6F-5 Hellcat Specifications General Length:  33 ft. 7 in. Wingspan:  42 ft. 10 in.Height:  13 ft. 1 in.Wing Area:  334 sq. ft.Empty Weight:  9,238 lbs.Loaded Weight:  12,598 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight:  15,514 lbs.Crew:  1 Performance Maximum Speed:  380 mphCombat Radius:  945 milesRate of Climb:  3,500 ft./min.Service Ceiling:  37,300 ft.Power Plant:  1Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-10W Double Wasp engine with a two-speed two-stage supercharger, 2,000 hp Armament 6Ãâ€" 0.50 cal. M2 Browning machine guns6 Ãâ€" 5 in (127 mm) HVARs or 2 Ãâ€" 11 ¾ in Tiny Tim unguided rocketsup to 2,000 lbs. of bombs Sources World War II Database: F6F HellcatAce Pilots: F6F HellcatMilitary Factory: F6F Hellcat

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Strategic Human Resource Management - Essay Example A business strategy no matter how good it is, will succeed without the contribution of people. A proper analysis of data collected from human capital can help an organisation in developing business strategy process. In majority of the organisation people is regarded as the most important asset. To create value, an organisation has the task of utilising the knowledge, skills and also abilities of its people. Intangible value that is present in an organisation is its people. The HR personnel therefore have a greater task of managing the people of an organisation. An organisation will be able to achieve its objectives in the business front if strategic HRM is considered as a contributor in business strategy (CIPD, 2009). The case study is about Kazamy Manufacturing, a company having their business in both manufacturing and sales operation. Kazamy is different from other Japanese plants in this regard as most of them are involved only in manufacturing operation. Kazamy has established itself as one of the leading companies in Europe. It focuses on building a cordial relationship with their customers and also they enable their human resources i.e. their staffs to have a say in their marketing policy. Kazamy has given great importance to their manpower resources and utilised their knowledge and qualities in developing the company further. HR director of Kazamy joined in 1986. Since then he along with other members of kazamy hierarchy has worked hard in establishing their position in their business sector. Kazamy followed a strong HR philosophy. They didn’t want a traditional factory which is already present in UK. Their major policies were developed by the use of two principles. They firstly didn’t want to create a prototype Japanese plant existing in the rural Midlands area; secondly they strongly wanted to manage their manpower resource without the influence of any trade union. They valued